IntroPsychExam3
Terms
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- chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
- Psychoactive drug
- Types of Psychoactive Drugs
- Depressant-alcohol, barbiturates, Opiates(heroine) Stimulants-amphetamines(nicotine,caffeine), methamphetamines(cocaine,ecstacy) Hallucinogens-LSD,Marijuana
- drug that calm neural activity and slow body function
- Depressant
- Excite neural activity and speed up body functions
- Stimulants
- Psychedelic; distort perceptions and invoke imaginary sensory images
- Hallucinogens
- learning that forms associations between stimuli
- Classical Conditioning
- repeated exposure to stimulus decreases responsiveness
- Habituation
- relatively permanent change in an organism\'s behavior due to experience
- Learning
- Pavlov\'s Experiment
- US-food causes UR-salivation Neutral stimulus-tone-causes no UR When US and tone are paired, causes UR Tone becomes CS
- UR
- Unconditioned response-unlearned nataurally occuring response
- US
- Unconditioned stimulus-stimulus that naturally causes a response
- CR
- Conditioned Response-learned response to neutral stimulus
- CS
- Conditioned Stimulus-originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with US, come to trigger CR
- Parts of Classical Conditioning Process
- Acquisition-associates neutral stimulus with US to form CR(1/2 sec pause) Extinction-diminishing CR Spontaneous Recovery-reappearance, after a pause, of CR Generalization-respond to stimuli similar to CS Discrimination-learned ability to distinguish between CS and other stimuli
- Once sick from food, taste and smell become CS for nausea
- Taste Aversion
- John Watson
- Fear can be easily conditioned (classically)
- John Garcia
- duration between CS and US may be long, but will eventually result in conditioning
- Learning that forms associations between behaviors and resulting events (reinforcers or punishment)
- Operant Conditioning
- Law of Effect
- rewarded behavior is likely to occur again
- Skinner\'s Experiment and \"quote\"
- Skinner box-mouse pulls level for food \"behaviors are shaped by external influences
- Reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer desired behavior
- Shaping
- Reinforcer Types
- Positive-adds desirable stimulus(paycheck) Negative-removal of stimulus Primary-getting food when hungry(biological need) Conditioned-gains reinforcement through primary Continuous-reinforcing desired response everytime it occurs Partial(Intermittent)-reinforcement only part of time
- Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
- Fixed-ratio Schedule
- Reinforcement schedule that reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses
- Variable-ratio Schedule
- Reinforcement schedule that reinforces after a certain time
- Fixed-interval Schedule
- Reinforcement Schedule that reinforces after unpredictable amount of time
- Variable-interval Schedule
- Learning that is not incorporated until it is needed
- Latent Learning
- Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
- Intrinsic Motivation
- Desire to perform a behavior due to promised reward
- Extrinsic Motivation
- Process of observing and imitating a behavior
- Modeling
- Learning by observation at a young age
- Imitation onset
- positive, constructive behavior
- Prosocial Behavior
- Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns
- Psychological Disorder
- Drilling holes in skull to release \"demons\"
- Trephination
- DSM-IV
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders
- Anxiety Disorders
- Generalized Anxiety-continual tenseness Panic Disorder-minutelong episodes of intense dread;chest pain or terror Phobia-irrational fear of an object or situation OCD-elevated activity in Cingulated Cortex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
- Dissociative Disorders
- -Sense of being out of body Dissociative Identity Disorder(DID)-two or more distinct personalities (multiple personality disorder)
- Personality Disorders
- -Behavior patterns that impair social functioning Antisocial Personality Disorder-person has lack of conscience for wrongdoing;may be aggressive or clever con-artist (reduced activity in frontal lobes)
- Mood Disorders
- Major Depressive Disorder-in absence of drugs, person becomes very depressed (\"common cold\" of disorders) Bipolar Disorder-alternates between depression and mania(manic-depressive disorder)
- Depressed Thinking Cycle
- -Stressful Experience -Negative explanatory style -Depressed mood -Behavioral changes
- Disorganized and delusional thinking disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Effects of Schizophrenia
- inappropriate actions or emotions -Enlargement of fluid filled ventricles in brain -Flat Effect-no emotion or acts inapropriately -Catatonia-no movement
- Causes of Schizophrenia
- Brain-excess dopamine receptors Genetic-virus while in womb;usually only one identical twin has it Psychological Factors
- Fragmented, bizarre thinking with distorted beliefs (I\'m marry poppins)
- Delusions
- interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties
- Psychotherapy
- Sigmund Freud\'s technique
- Psychoanalysis
- Patient\'s free associations, resistance, dreams, and the therapists interpretations of them
- Psychoanalysis
- Psychoanalysis Method
- Resistance-blocking consciousness Interpretation-analyst\'s response to meanings of dreams or other behaviors Transference-patient\'s transfer to the analyst
- Use of blended therapies to treat patients
- Eclectic Approach
- face-to-face setting; therapist understands a theme across problems
- Psychodynamic Therapy
- Types of Psychotherapy
- Humanistic Therapy, Behavior Therapy, and Psychotherapy
- Therapy that focuses on present and future rather than past; to boost self-acceptance
- Humanistic Therapy
- Types of Humanistic Therapy
- Client-centered Therapy-Carl Rogers; therapist uses active listening with empathetic tone
- Therapy that applies learning principles to elimination of unwanted
- Behavior Therapy-treats Phobias and Sexual disorders
- Classical Conditioning Techniques(behavioral therapy)
- Counterconditioning-conditions new response to stimuli
- Types of Counterconditioning (behavioral therapy)
- Aversive Conditioning-associates unpleasant state(nausea) with unwanted behavior(alcohol) Exposure Therapies-exposes people to unwanted fear
- Types of Exposure Therapies (behavioral/counterconditioning therapy)
- Systematic Desensitization-associates a relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli(PHOBIAS) Virtual Reality-for fear of flying,heights,animals
- Operant Conditioning Techniques(behavioral therapy)
- Cognitive Therapy-teach people new ways of thinking and acting -Cognitive-behavior Therapy-alter the way people act(behavioral) and the way they think(cognitive)
- Therapy where therapist waves finger in front of person\'s eyes who is thinking of a haunting memory to release memories
- Eye Movement Desensitization
- Therapy to counteract winter depression
- Light Exposure Therapy
- Therapy using prescribed medications that act directly on person\'s nervous system
- Biomedical Therapy
- study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
- Psychopharmacology
- Drug Therapies
- Antipsychotic Drugs-for Schizophrenia Antianxiety Drugs-Xanax;depress nervous system(Dopamine) Antidepressant Drugs-Prozac; for OCD; Increased Serotonin
- Types of Biomedical Therapies
- Drug, Brain stimulation, and Psychosurgery
- Shock treatment for depression
- Electroconvulsive therapy
- Repeated pulses of magnetic activity
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
- Cuts nerves connecting frontal lobes to emotion-controlling centers of inner brain
- Lobotomy