Study Guide 3
Terms
undefined, object
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- Grubb (1999) Honored but Invisible
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Standardized testing - do not take in isolation
Remedial ed - work into schedule
Course curriculum - applied in content learning
Education should be personalized - Roueches' (1994) Those who tempt fate....
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Standardized testing - academics not the only thing (socioeconomic)
Remedial ed - do all up front
Curriculum - not personalized no motivation - Cohen & Brawer Fundamental Question
- Does the community college succeed in democratizing higher education?
- Dougherty Fundamental Question
- Is the community college a gateway of opportunity for disadvantaged students or is it a blind alley?
- Critics - How should CC change?
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Convert 2 yr to 4 yr (Dougherty)
Equate funding 2 yr & 4 yr (Astin)
Focus on vocational ed (Clowes & Levin)
Abandon open access (Eaton)
Focus on individual not group (Cohen & Brawer, Adelman)
Accept the allocative function and focus on learning (Cohen & Brawer) - The Truman Report (1947)
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The President's Commission on Higher Education
George Zook - Reasons Americans seeking higher education
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Science and technology
Diversity within America
Aftermath of war
Atomic age - good vs evil - Truman Report (1947)
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Equalizing Opportunity
Need for General Education
Interrelationship between gen ed and vocational ed
Education Adjusted to Needs - CC -
Jess Bogue
The Community College (1950)
Bogue's Issues -
Consistent organization
Local vs state control
gen ed integrated with voc ed
Find the right teachers
Student guidance
Funding - The G.I. Bill of 1944
- Wanted to keep many war veterans out of the labor market.
- 1930's - Factors impeding growth of CC
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conservatism
excessive and inefficiency in K-12
opposition to taxes for post sec ed
state teachers college opposed
U of I considering extension centers - Early factors supporting CC
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HS Superintendents
Press, industry and business
U of I and ISBE
Post WWII and GI Bill - 1960's Voc Ed Act of 1963
- provided funding to expand curriculum beyond transfer
- Junior College Act (1965)
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state funding for building CC campuses
establish CC district through out state
JC Board established
JC part of higher ed - What slowed development of JC?
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fiscal consesrvatism
lacck of champion in Springfield
perpetual funding problems
uncertin focus and "product" - JC began to flourish why?
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JCs now part of higher education to accredit nursing program
commitment of feds to adult & voc ed
other institutions of higher ed flourished, JC no threat -
Truman Report ( 1947)
Objectives of General Education 1 -
develop code of behavior
participate as informed responsible citizen
recognize diversity/internat'l peace
apply scientific thought to problems
understand ideas of others and express own -
Truman Report ( 1947)
Objectives of General Education 2 -
attain emotiona and social adjustment
maintain & improve health
enjoy art lit music culture
knowledge and attitudes for family life
choose socially & personally satisfying vocation
critical & constructive thinking - Barbara Townsend
- Transfer Issues
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Summary of Criticisms 1 -
empahisize voc ed
social & economic stratification
limit upward mobility (race,gender,workingclass)
remedial ed not rigorous
diminished access & opportunity
doesn't meet ed goals -
Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Summary of Criticisms 2 -
doesn't ensure transfer
doesn't ensure graduation
doesn't purport economic benefits
doesn't emphasize degree completion or transfer
not a clear pathway from HS to CC to 4 yr -
Deegan & Tillery (1985)
Generations of the CC 1 -
Generation 1 - before 1930 grades 13 & 14 in HS
Generation 2 - 1930-1950 JC break away from HS slow growth emphasis on gen ed voc ed & student services -
Deegan & Tillery (1985)
Generations of the CC 2 -
Generation 3 - 1950-1970
JC --> CC b y Truman Report
states develop CC system
dramatic growth
open door policy
Generation 4 - Comprehensive CC 1970 - mid 1980
broaden mission
comm service & non credit prog
non traditional deliver
voc tech programs -
Deegan & Tillery (1985)
Generations of the CC 3 -
Generation 5 Present
major role in UG education
increasing minority students
emphasis on remedial ed
emphasis on voc tech ed
renewed partnership with HS -
Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 1 -
Comprehensive
Vertical
Horizontal
Integrated
Remedial -
Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 2 -
Comprehensive Focus
career education
remedial ed
community ed
liberal arts
general ed -
Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 3 -
Vertical Focus
transfer function
relationship with HS
articulation with 4 yr college
liberal arts, transfer counseling, stress retention
most prestigious -
Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 4 -
Horizontal Focus
relationship with business/industry
advocate improve local comm
vision of CC hub of all educ
growth of adult and non trad learners -
Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 5 -
Integrated Focus
linkages within college
lib arts
multidisciplinary courses
lifelong learners -
Patricia Cross (1985)
Mission & Priorities for 5th Generation CC 6 -
Remedial Focus
CC playing role in youth problem
job pre, apprenticeships, guidance
improve academic programs - Changing attitudes towards JC.
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Universities got funding for building. Gave sense of permanence and importance.
Vets went to JC. No competition.
Teacher's college became universities.(1960s) - 1910 Carnegie Commission
- credit hour developed as a result of the industrial economy
- 1960s Truman Report translated into legislation
- Why did it take so long? Too visionary and racial issues had an impact.
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Definition of vocational. - agriculture, trades, sales;
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Definition of semiprofessional. - engineering techs, general assistants, lab techs, others in manufacturing, business, and service occupations
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Definition of technical. - prep for work in scientific and industrial fields
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Definition of occupational. - most encompassing; all curricula leading to employment
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Cohen and Brawer (2003)
Definition of career education. -
1950s; lower school. efforts of orienting oung people toward workplace
1970s; programs focus on career devvelopment.
1990; School to Work - Smith-Hughes Act of 1917
- funded secondary ag, trade and industry and home ec programs
- Vocational Ed Act of 1963
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supported occup prep below BA level
serve all students - academically, socio-econ and physically disadvantaged. - Vocational Ed Act of 1998
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expand fed govt's role
increase support postsecond tech programs bus, health & engineering
emphasis on youth unemployement
curriculum articulation efforts
professional development - Carl Perkins Voc and Applied Technology Act of 1984
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Educ/training for gender sterotyping and spec needs
links between secondary and post sec
tech prep
accountability & student outcomes - Carl Perkins Voc and Applied Technology Act Amendments of 1990 (Perkins II)
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increase academics with skills training
fund disadvantaged students
integrate academic/vocational
accountability academic achievement
tech prep and New American High Schools (largest funding) - Carl Perkins Voc and Applied Technology Act of 1990
- continued emphasis of 1990 prioritites
- The Total Community College Curriculum (Cohen & Ignash, 1992 1
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Increase in ESL
transfer rate higher if school has more liberal arts courses
urban college higher % of remedial courses
larger colleges higher % of specialized lib arts classes - The Total Community College Curriculum (Cohen & Ignash, 1992 2
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college w/higher minority offer more lib arts
non-liberal arts classes can transfer equally as well - Townsend and Dever (1999)
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Reverse Transfer Students
Undergraduate reverse transfer
Post baccalaureate reverse transfer -
McGrath and Spear (1991)
The Remedialization of the Community College 1 -
rigorous coursework at periphery
transfer track duplicates university curriculum
difficult to define academic rigor
articulation agreements allow academics to fall
academic culture lowered to meet students -
McGrath and Spear (1991)
The Remedialization of the Community College 2 -
Recommend for remedial ed
require for students who need it
segregate remedial ed students
define entrance requirements
if remedial limit # courses
provide noncredit prep courses - What the Collegiate Community College Means (Eaton, 1994) 1
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Choose a vision (gleazer, parnell L& cohen/brawer)
redefine students' intellect opportunity
reduce ambiguitly about mission
restricting access
develop college prep exp outside of cc - What the Collegiate Community College Means (Eaton, 1994) 2
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examine relationships to other levels of ed
build college exp for nontraditional students
learn from the critics
reconsider assoc degree
commit to teaching/learning research/scholarship - Early Purpose of CC
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Fill gap between elem & university
Create effic orderly sys.
Provide Gen Ed
Create select method for universities
Replace poor quality small 4 yr colleges - Philosophies (1920-1945)
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Efficiency
Aptitude testing
Social/economic stratification
Democratization with voc ed - Leaders of the Formative Period
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William Rainey Harper
David Starr Jordan
Alexis F. Lange - Early Trend Data
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1901 - Joliet Juniro College
1910 - 3 public junior colleges
1921-1922 - 70 public junior college and 137 private junior colleges - Harper's Reasons for the 2 yr colleges
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Do lower work more thoroughly
Become an honest institution
Students can stop honorably at 2 yrs
Students can remain at home
Students are forced to the university - John Dewey - Leader of the Progressive Education Movement
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Concern about social stability
wanted ed to build a social system based on democracy
Mold Children's minds - Alexis Lange
- Higher ed for more people andits relationship to university education
- Early Philosophies
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Progressivism - distriubtive purpose of ed
Social Efficiency
German model of ed
Elitism = poverty is self-inflicted
Scientific method - William Chandler Bagley UIUC
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Critic of progressive ed & JC
JC a way to control crime
segregation - Alexis F. Lange
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Advocated social efficiency
Closely aligned with Harper and Jordan
Argued for voc ed 1918 - Progressivism
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Social control
Immigration: social burden and threat to whites
Fear of power of masses - David Starr Jordan
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Advocated elitism
President of Stanford - Cardinal Principles of Sec. Ed (1918)
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part of high school
prep and vocational ed
Smith Hughes 1917 - vocational ed in high schools - 1920 Founding of AAJC
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Mutual support
Shared interest & identity
Take a defensive position
Create common voice & org -
Periods of CC Development in 20th Century
Brint and Karabel, Diverted Dream (1989) -
1900 - 1920: Formative Period
1920 - 1945: Developmental Period
1945 - 1970: Take Off
1970 - Today: Great Transformation - Deegan & Tillery - Generations of CC
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1900 - 1930: Generation 1 (extension of HS)
1930 - 1945: Generation 2 (Junior College)
1945 - 1970: CC
1970 - current: Comprehensive CC - Leaders of the 1920s thru 1940s
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Leonard Koos
Walter Crosby Eells
Doak S. Campbell - Factors Influencing Early Growth of 2 yr Colleges
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Increase in demand for HS & beyond
University sponsored & advoc
Continuation of Sec ed
Lack of other options
Support for voc ed curric - What significant events occurred in the 20th century to encourage community colleges (1920-1940)
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1929: Depression
1932: Commission of Seven
1939: Commision on Terminal Education
Student intent on transfer - Leonard Koos
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Committed to 6-4-4 Plan
(K-6, 7-10, 11-14)
Koos would like dual credit
Preparation for semi-prof
Capstone of sec ed
Social influence of CC and educate the masses - Walter Crosby Eells
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Advocated 6-3-3-2
(K-6, 7-9, 10-12, JC)
Eells would not like dual credit
Assoc with higher ed
1929 National Commission report said increase transfer, Eells didn't like this He was elitist -
Four Functions of CC
Eells -
1. Popularizing fxn: educate masses
2. Preparatory fxn: prepare for transfer
3. Terminal fxn: Voc ed
4. Guidance fxn: testing and counseling student services - 1932: Carnegie Report on Public Higher Education in CA
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Commission of Seven
Teacher's colleges became 4 yr institutions
Legitimized CC
Communit college - comm ed for general civilized life
Calledthe California Model -
Doak S. Campbell
Campbell's two conditions for the democratizing mission -
1. must be available to all perosn, alike, supposedly upon equal terms
2. must provide trianing suitable to the needs of those it serves - Ideals of American Education
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Lead to upward mobility
Create social efficiency
Relieve social ills
Enhance individual achievement
Improve the economy