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- The process by which we recall experiences, info, and skills is known as _____
- memory
- The _______, which has no photoreceptors, is the point at which the optic nerves leaves the eye.
- blind spot
- Perspective and texture gradients are example of ____ cues
- monocular
- A response that is automatic, or not learned, is called a ______.
- unconditioned response
- During a typical 8 hours of sleep, most people go through _____ sleep cycles.
- 4-5
- Along with history, anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology, psychology is on of the _____
- social science
- ______ memories are recalled better when the mood in which they were originally encoded is recreated.
- state- dependent
- The basic blocks of heredity are ______
- genes
- ______ is the method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down into manageable parts.
- Shaping
- A _____ reinforcer increases the frequency of the behavior it follows when it is removed.
- negative
- ______ is the process by which we interpret sensory stimulation; ____ is the process of receiving sensory info.
- perception; sensation
- Working memory is another name for ____ memory
- short-term
- B.F. Skinner's concept of _____ showed that an animal is more likely to repeat an action if rewarded for it.
- reinforcement
- The type of learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates others is called _____
- observation learning.
- Disturbing memories may be pushed out of the conscious mind in the process of ____;
- repression
- _____ founded psychoanalysis.
- Freud
- The ________ transmits messages between the brain and the muscles and glands.
- nervous system
- Need for achievement and salaries are thought to have a _____ since as one goes up, so does the other.
- positive correlation
- A ____ reinforcer is learned and becomes effective by being paired wit such reinforcer as food and shelter.s
- secondary
- The ______ is the spectrum of light bent into a circle.
- color wheel
- Pressure, temperature, and pain are examples of ____ senses.
- skin
- Hormones that affect the body's metabolism are secreted by the ____ gland.
- thyroid
- _____ is the process in which info in short-term memory is lost when new info appears.
- interference
- ____ psychologists typically treat people with adjustment problems, rather than those with serious disorders.
- counseling
- ____ is the memory process that translates info into a dorm in which it can be stored.
- encoding
- In an experiment, _____ is the factor that varies when the independent variable is changed.
- dependent variable
- _____ memory is a type of sensory register that holds visual memories.
- iconic
- A ____ experiment uses both control and experimental groups.
- controlled
- Light is made up of ______ energy.
- electromagnetic
- Info stored as a ____ code is stored according to its meaning.
- semantic
- _____ reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
- Continuous
- Movies, which are a series of still picture, are perceived as moving images because of the perceptual rule of ____
- stroboscopic motion
- A therapist may hypnotize a patient and offer a _____ to help the patient quit a habit such as smoking or overeating
- posthypnotic suggestion
- In the 1800s psychologists established _____ for the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.
- psychological labs
- Nicotine causes a person's heart rate to increase by causing the release of the hormone____.
- adrenaline
- The APA generally requires that people in a study provide ______ after being give a general overview of the research and the choice whether or not to participate.
- informed consent
- Since it is usually impossible to interview every member of a population that is being studied, pyschologists scientifically select a ____ of the population.
- sample
- After taking certain drugs for a while, a person shows signs of ___ when the body craves the drug just to feel normal.
- addiction
- _____ are drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system.
- depressants
- The school of _____ was concerned with studying how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment.
- functionalism
- In a _______, neither the researchers nor the participants know who is receiving the treatment.
- double blind study
- A person who cannot perceive some colors is partially _______
- color blind
- _______ are similar to, but more severe than nightmares.
- night terrors
- The first step in the PQ4R method involves _____ the subject matter in a textbook.
- previewing
- the autonomic nervous system is divided into the ______ and ______ nervous systems.
- symatic; parasymatic
- The cognitive perspective focuses on ___ processes to explain human behavior
- mental
- The EEG measure the brain's ______ activity.
- electrical
- On a ______ schedule, reinforcements are provided only after a certain number of correct responses have been made.
- fixed ratio
- Difficulty falling asleep is called___
- insomnia
- _____ are drugs that speed up the activity of the nervous system.
- stimulants
- _____ studies evaluate people who are related to try to determine the roles of heredity and environment.
- Kinship
- _____ psychologists help prepare achievement tests, while _____ psychologists administer these tests.
- education, school
- A CAT scan uses ____ beams to create a three-dimensional view of the brain.
- X-Ray
- _____ observation has the drawback that it cannot duplicate real-life conditions
- lab
- The monocular cue of ____parallax explains why someone in a moving vehicle sees nearby objects pass by quickly.
- motion
- The four different kinds of brain-wave patterns are:
- alpha, beta, delta, theta
- ____ and ____ psychologists offer suggestions on how to improve working conditions.
- industrial; organization
- the _____ method takes much less time than the longitudinal method, but can accomplish many of the same objectives.
- cross sectional
- ____ memories are examples of episodic memories that are recalled in great detail
- flashbulb
- _____ is the memory process that allows people to locate stored into and return it to conscious though
- retrieval
- The loudness of a sound depends on the _____ of the sound waves.
- height
- The standard of ____ established by the APA limits the type of research that psychologists may conduct.
- ethics
- The testes and ovaries produce the hormones ___,____, and _____.
- testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
- The method of ____ organizes items into familiar units so that they can be remembered more easily.
- chunking
- ____________ enables researcher to study the behavior of people and animals in their everyday settings.
- Natural observation
- A ____ reinforcer increases the frequency of the behavior it follows when it is applied.
- positive
- The first item in a series is more easily remembered because of the ____ effect.
- primacy effect
- Members of the ______ in an experiment are the ones who receive the treatment.
- experimental group
- the ___ perspective argues that people can learn by experience and by observing others.
- learning
- Something that produces a response us called a ____.
- stimulus
- The two part of the nervous system re the _____ nervous system and the _______nervous system.
- Peripheral; Central
- The function of the ____ is to carry messages away from the neuron's cell body.
- axon
- Freud believed that dreams reflected our ___ wishes and urges.
- innermost
- The form of learning that keeps knowledge hidden until it is needed is called ______
- latent learning
- Clinical psychologists _____ prescribe medication to a client; but psychiatrists ___
- cannot; can
- Psychological _____ explain and predict what governs behavior and mental processes.
- theories
- People who participate in a ____ are selected by chance from a certain population to take part in a survey.
- random sample
- During the middle ages, most Europeans believed that psychological problems were caused by ____
- possession of demons
- Ideas that a person is not aware of, but which can be recalled, are on the ____level.
- preconcious
- Stress and health are thought to have a ______ since stress goes up as health deteriorates.
- negative correlation
- The ______ of a color is its complementary color.
- afterimage
- ____ memory consists of general knowledge.
- semantic
- Reinforcements are applied with a set amount of time between them on a _____ schedule.
- fixed interval
- _____ amnesia is the loss of memories of events that occurred before that age of three.
- infantile
- Overdoses of crack and other forms of cocaine can be fatal because of the strain they place on the _____
- heart
- The Greek philosopher _____ wrote Peri Psyches, one of the first books.
- Aristotle
- We recognize that an object has only one shape-no matter what angle it is viewed from - because of ____.
- shape constancy
- Retinal disparity is an example of a _____ cue.
- binocular.
- The "4R's" of the PQ4R method are:
- read, recite, reflect, review
- The ________ , which is located in the forebrain, is involved in learning and memory.
- limbic system
- A sound's pitch depends on its
- frequency of sound waves.
- The ______ is the part of the hindbrain that helps control such vital functions as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.
- Medulla
- The method of ______ involved exposing a person to a harmless stimulus until he or she is no longer afraid of it.
- flooding
- A stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a condition response is a ______.
- conditioned stimulus
- Each hemisphere of cerebral cortex is divided in ____ lobes.
- 4
- Consciousness is considered a psychological _____ because we cannot see, touch or measure it directly.
- construct
- ______ can slant the results of a survey because people who volunteer to participte in reasearch studies often differ from people who do not.
- volunteer bias
- The memory process by which we maintain encoded info over a period of time is called ______.
- storage
- The ______ gland secretes growth hormones and hormones that stimulate labor in pregnant womend
- pituitary
- for the findings of a study to be confirmed, the study must be ____ to produce the same results as before.
- replicated
- Most normal human cells contain ______ chromosomes that are organized into ______ pairs
- 46; 23
- The two kinds of photoreceptors are ______ and _____.
- cons; rods
- During _____, some people narrow their consciousness by focusing on a peaceful, repetitive pattern.
- meditation
- Research that has no immediate application is known as ______
- basic research
- Nonsmokers are at risk of getting lung cancer or breathing problems when exposed to _____
- secondhand smoke