Psych Prep Key Terms- Developmental
Terms
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- cross-sectional v. longitudinal v. cross sequential
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cross-sectional:
longitudinal:
cross sequential: - nature v. nurture
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nature: genes
nurture: maturation, environment - continuity v. stage theories of development, quantity v. quality
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continuity: development is continuous with new abilities, skills, and knowledge developing gradually and relatively uniformly over time, leads to quantitative change
stage theories: development is discontinuous and that periods of little change alternate with periods of abrupt and rapid change, leads to qualitative change - genotype v. phenotype
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genotype: genetic makeup of a person containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics
phenotype: observable characteristics of a person - Down's syndrome v. PKU
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Down's syndrome: chromosomal abnormality characterized by MR, broad skull, slanted eyes, physical deformities, and reduced activity
PKU: inherited autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defective gene that affects the metabolism of phenylalanine, can result in severe MR - X-linked disorders
- disorders in which the defective gene lies on the X sex chromosome, men are more at risk b/w women have a second, potentially healthy, X chromosome, e.g., hemophelia which causes excessive bleeding
- reflexes: Moro, Babinski, rooting, grasp, sucking
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Moro: baby extends the legs, arms, and fingers, and arches the back in response to being startled
Babinski: baby spreads out its toes and twists its foot when the sole of its foot is stroked
rooting: baby turns its head, opens its mouth and begins to suck in response to its cheek being stroked
grasp: baby makes a firm fist around an object placed in its hand - Vygotsky and scaffolding
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Vygotsky: cognitive development results from social interaction
scaffolding: instructional strategy involving teachers adjusting their level of help based on the child's performance - primary v. secondary aging
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primary aging: the inevitable changes in physical and mental processes, genetically-controlled
secondary aging: disease, disuse, and neglect of the body - holophrasic v. telegraphic speech
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holophrasic speech (12-18 months): baby uses a single word or even a syllable to express a complete thought, smallest unit is a phoneme (da) and smallest meaninful unit is a morpheme (daddy)
telegraphic speech (18-24 months): toddler puts together two words to express one idea - Chomsky, Whorf
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Chomsky (nativist view): children are born with an innate language aquisition device so require only minimal exposure to adult language to develop speech
Sapir-Whorf: speakers of different languages actually think differently b/c of the structures of their languages, support for this hx is mixed - code switching
- A
- effects of Head Start
- A
- assimilation v. accomodation
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assimilation: the process of taking in a new experience and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures
accomodation: adjusting to reality demands to reorganize or modify the existing cognitive structure or schema - decalage
- uneveness within a given child's cognitive development
- Piaget's cognitive stages
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sensorimotor (birth-2): learn through sensory observation, gain control of motor functions, explore and manipulate environment, accomplish object permanence and symbolic representation
preoperational (2-7): increased use of symbols and language, characterized by intuitive thinking, egocentrism, phenomenalistic causality, animism, irreversability and centration
concrete operational (7-11): can operate and act on real or imagined concrete objects, characterized by operational (logical) thought and conservation
formal operational (11-18): ability to apply operations to abstract concepts, metacognition - metacognition
- the ability to think about one's thinking and to explore personal values and compare them with others, typically develops during adolescence
- IQ concordance rates
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identical twins (.75)
siblings reared together (.5)
siblings reared apart (.25)
one parent and a child (.40-.45) - crystallized v. fluid intelligence and aging
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crystallized: practiced and overlearned skills that are predominantly verbal, appears to remain intact with aging
fluid: capacities for problem solving in novel situations, appears to gradually decline after adolescence - Mahler: separation-individuation
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separation: the process of becoming a discrete physical entity by physically distancing
individuation: the process of becoming psychologically independent, involves maturation of independent ego functions - separation anxiety v. stranger anxiety
- as a result of object permanence, the ability to understand that objects continue to exist independent of the child's involvement with them, the child develops stranger anxiety during Mahler's differentiation stage (5-10 months) and separation anxiety (paradoxically) during Mahler's practicing stage (10-16 months)
- Bowlby: protest, despair, detachment
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concepts of attachement theory describing a syndrome of maternal deprivation among institutionalized children under 2 y/o
protest: when separated initially, child cries and searches for mother
despair: as separation continues, child feels hopeless that mother will never return
detachment: child emotionally separates self from the mother - imprinting
- certain stimuli are capable of eliciting innate bx patters during a critical period of the animal's development (Lorenz and the ducks)
- strange situation
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a technique of Ainsworth's attachment theory looking at how infants organize their bx around an attachment figure when they are mildly stressed
secure: warm and responsive, moderate distress upon separation and enthusiasm upon return- caregiving is sensitive and responsive
avoidant: treat mother like a stranger, rarely cry upon separation and ignore on return- caregiving is aloof and distant
ambivalent: clingy and upset upon separation, resistant upon return- caregiving is inconsistent and insensitive
disorganized: no clear strategy, unresponsive or avoidant, exhibit fear and confusion toward mother- caregiving is abusive or parent has unresolved abuse issues - authoritarian v. permissive v. authoritative parenting
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authoritarian: expect unquestioned obediance, demanding, controlling, threatening, punishing
permissive: value self-expression and self-regulation, few limits, little monitoring, detached and uninvolved
authoritative: caring and emotionally available yet firm, fair and reasonable - gender role v. gender identity v. gender constancy
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stages of gender rold development
1. gender role: societal expectations for appropriate male or female bx, begin at birth
2. gender identity: individual's perception of self as male or female, begins at 18 months, achieved at 3 years
3. gender constancy: attainment of the recognition that gender does not change w/ dress or bx, attained by 5 or 6 - activity v. disengagement theory of retirement
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activity: old age is fulfilling when the person remains active and involved as long as possible
disengagement: successful aging involves a natural and graceful withdrawal from life roles that a person can no longer carry out due to the physical limitations of aging (largely discredited) - Kubler-Ross
- people go through 5 states when facing their own death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
- health belief model
- health bx results from the joint influence of psychosocial facotrs, perceived susceptibility to disease and perceived seriousness of the disease, as well as the perceived benefits of action v. perceived barriers to preventative action
- easy v. difficult v. slow-to-warm-up
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type of temperament (Thomas and Chess)
easy (40%): regular, adaptable, mildly intense style that is positive and responsive
difficult (10%): moody, easily frustrated, tense, and overreact to most situations
slow-to-warm-up (15%): mild in responding, somewhat shy and withdrawn, need time to adjust to new experiences or people - preconventional v. conventional v. postconventional
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Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning
preconventional (4-10): compliance w/ rules to avoid punishment and get rewards, 1. punishment-obedience (avoiding punishment) and 2. instrumental hedonism (get rewards)
conventional (10+): conforming to rules to get approval of others, 1. good boy/good girl (gain approval), 2. law and order (one's duty)
postconventional (may begin as early as 13): recognition that there are sometimes conflicts b/w moral or socially accepted standards, 1. morality of contract (welfare of society), 2. morality of individual principles (internalized standards) - Gilligan
- non-sexist theory of moral reasoning, males prefer justice and females think more about responsiblities to specific people
- Piaget and moral development
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heteronomous (5-10): rigid thinking, cannot imagine more than one way of looking at a moral issue, rules decided by authority and cannot be changed
autonomous (10+): flexibility, can consider more than one aspect of a situation and intent - teratogens & fetal alcohol syndrome
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teratogens: agents which cause birth defects, the embryo is most vulnerable
fetal alcohol syndrome: characterized by delayed growth, physical deformities, delayed motor development, decreased intelligence, LD, attention problems, hyperactity, irritability - sex and aging
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- most common DSM diagnosis in the elderly
- A
- abortion effects
- A