Microbiology Study Guide One
Terms
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- Define the term microbiology
- The branch of biology that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms.
- Describe some of the different disciplines (areas of study) that are considered part of microbiology
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Biology
Zoology
Botany - Compare spontaneous generation and biogenesis
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Spontaneous generation: the doctrine that held that non-living matter could spontaneously give rise to living organisms.
Biogenesis: The principle that living organisms develop only from other living organisms and not from nonliving matter. - What did Jenner contribute to Microbiology?
- Jenner work to develope a method of inoculation against smallpox did show that contagion, however transmitted, could be interrupted.
- What important contribution was made by Pasteur?
- Louis Pasteur proposed that germs cause infectious disease. He formulated the 'germ theory of disease.'
- What important contribution was made by Lister?
- Joseph Lister was a British physician who introduced the principles of sterile surgery to his practice. He wrote a paper on disease to suggest that microbes were responsible for postsurgical gangrene and other sugical complications.
- What important contribution was made by Koch:
- Koch's postulates a series of procedures by which a specific microorganism can be related to a specific infectious disease.
- What important contribution was made by Ehrlich?
- Synthesized a "magic bullet" for syphilis
- What important contribution was made by Fleming?
- Discovered Penicillin
- What is the germ theory of disease?
- The germ theory of disease holds which holds that microorganisms are responsible for infectious disease.
- What is the purpose of Koch's postulates?
- A series of procedures by which a specific microorganism can be related to a specific infectious disease.
- Explain the first step of Koch's Postulate.
- The same microorganisms are present in every case of the disease.
- Explain the second step of Koch's Postulate.
- The microorganisms are isolated from the tissues of a dead animal, and a pure culture is prepared.
- Explain the third step of Koch's Postulate.
- Microorganisms from the pure culture are inoculated into a healthy, susecptible animal. The disease is reproduced.
- Explain the fourth step of Koch's Postulate.
- The identical microorganism are isolated and re-cultivated from the tissue specimens of the experimental animal.
- Why are fungi not considered plants?
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* polysaccharide chitin in fungal cells walls but not in plant walls.
* Fungi do not carry out photsynthesis
* absorb and use preformed organic matter from the environment as their nutritional source. - Describe the reproduction and nutrition of fungi.
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* reproduce asexually and sexually.
* asexually when nutrients and water are abundant
* sexually when nutrients and water are scarce. - Give Examples of useful fungi.
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Yeasts-
* for foods and drinks such as bread and beer.
* Medicines such as Penicillium notatum.
* Industrial processes depend on certain species of fungus.
* Some water fungi are important in natural decomposition of sewage. - Give Examples of Pathogenic fungi.
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Agriculture-black smut, rust, potato blight, aflatoxin
Human pathogens - molds dematomycoses - ringworm - athlete's foot. - Name two protozoan diseases:
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1) Plasmodium sp. Malaria
2) Giardia - giardiasis (form of dysentery) - What are pinworms? How are they transmitted?
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Pinworm is a roundworm called enterobius vermicularis.
They are transmitted by bedding, clothing, or contaminated fingers. - Describe trichinosis.
- Parasite that is found in pork and pork products. Cause by the small round worm Trichinella spiralis.
- Describe two ways in which tape worms are transmitted.
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improper cooking, not washing hands, dog licking face.
Prevented by proper cooking, freezing and avoid affected dogs. - What are the three domains?
- Bacteria - Archaea - Eukaryote
- List the four kingdoms of Eukarya.
- Fungi - Protists - Animals - Plants
- Give an example of fungi.
- Mushrooms, molds and yeasts
- Give an example of Protists:
- Unicellular algae and Protozoa
- Give an example of Animals.
- Insects, Vertebrates, Mollusc, Roundworms, Jelly fish, sponges, starfish.
- Give an example of plants.
- Flowering plants, green algae, brown algae, golden algae, red algae.
- Bacteria contain bacterial rRNA, rRNA that is unique to the Bacteria as indicated by the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of __________ and ___________.
- Archaea and Eukarya
- Give examples of bacteria genera.
- mycoplasmas, Cyanobateria, Gram-positve bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria.
- Describe some characteristics of Archae.
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*Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
*Archaea have membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages.
* cell walls contain no peptidoglycan
* not sensitive to some antibiotics that affect Eukarya.
*Contain archaela rRNA, - What is binomial nomclature?
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The system of scientific classification and identification of species in which each is identified by its genus and species.
Example: Homo sapiens - Give examples of bacteria with there scientific names written correctly.
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pneumonia
Bacillus magaterium
Escherichia coli - What is a bacterial species?
- a population of cells with similar characteristics
- What is a strain?
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A variation within a species.
Ex: E. Coli and E. Coli 0157:H7 - What are the three divisions of bacteria based on cell wall?
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1. Gracilicutes -thin walled Gram -
2. Firmicutes - Thick walled, Gram +
3. Tenericutes - Wall-less, soft, no rigid cell wall (weak walled), very little Peptoglycan. - What criteria are used in classifying bacteria?
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-stucture
-nutrition
-reproduction - Define the term virus.
- Tiny acellular (non-living obligate intracellular parasite)
- Give several reasons why viruses are not considred living organisms.
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No cellular structures, membranes, cytoplasm.
DNA or RNA not both
no water
no growth
No ATP synthesis - What criteria are used to classify viruses?
- Families, nucleic acid & species
- Give an example of (species or common name) of an animal virus for each of the four different types of nucleic acid discussed in class. Include the family for each.
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+RNA
++RNA
-RNA
DNA - List and describe the five steps in the lytic (virulent)cycle of bacteriophase.
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1. Attachement
2. Penetration
3. Biosynthesis
4. Assembly
5. Lysis - Lytic cycle of a virus
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attachment
penetration
penetration (injects DNA)
biosynthesis
assemby
lysis - Lysogenic (laten) cycle of a virus
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Attachment & Pennetration
prophage formation (latent)* or
induction*
biosynthesis
assembly
release (lysis) - Describe the six stages of animal viral multiplication.
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Penetration
biosynthesis
latency
release - What is a provirus?
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a virus that never leaves the cell
A DNA virus - What is the function of reverse transcriptase?
- Turns an RNA into a cDNA
- What are some of the possible effects of a virus on an animal cell?
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cytopathic effects
cytocidal
lysis cells -
Characteristics of a Gram +
Color___________
Peptidoglycan layer____________
Teicholic Acid_____________
Lipoprotein outer layer
Lipid content (LPS)__________
Toxin Produced__________
Susceptibility to Penicillin (PCN)_ -
Purple or blue
thick
yes
no
no
exotoxins
yes
yes
Bacillus -
Characteristics of a Gram -
Color___________
Peptidoglycan layer____________
Teicholic Acid_____________
Lipoprotein outer layer
Lipid content (LPS)__________
Toxin Produced__________
Susceptibility to Penicillin (PCN)_ -
Red-pink
thin
no
yes
yes
endotoxin
no
no
Salmonella - What is the Science of Classification. The study of classifying organs and how closly related they are?
- Taxonomy
- The broadest categories of Taxonomy
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3 domains
Eukarya/Bacteria/archea - The narrowest Categories of Taxonomy.
- Genus and Species
- The Kingdom Protist is ____________ but complext, cell has a ____________, nutrition via ____________ for animal-like protists. _____________ or ___________ for plant like protists:__________ alge.
- unicellular but complex, cell has a nucleus, nutrition via "eating' for animal like protists. Protozoans or photosynthesis for plant-like protist:unicellular alge.
- The characteristics of the kingdom Fungi. _________, similar to pants but no_____________, nutrution via _____________ of _______ _________ matter. Includes___________, yeasts and _______.
- Multicellular/photsynthesis, absorbtion of dead organic. muschooms, yeasts and molds.
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Charcteristics of the kingdom "Plants".
____________, ___________ cells, _____________. Includes the green ___________. - Multicellular, nucleated cells, photosynthesic. Includes the green plants.
- The charcteristics of the Kingdom 'Animals'__________, ___________ cells, nutrition via____________. Includes: insects, __________, fish, and _____________ such as man.
- multicellular, nucleated cells, nurition via 'eating'. Includes: insects, birds, fish and mammals such as man.