Viruses and Bacteria

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Many biologists do not consider viruses to be a: living organism
It is only when the virus invades a _____ ______ that it shows signs of _____.: Living cell; life
Once viruses invade living cells they can cause _________-: diseases
the word "virus" is the latin word for: poison
List 9 diseases that are caused by viruses: influenza, AIDS, colds, West Nile, mumps, chicken pox, small pox, rabies, measles
The viruses which cause diseases are called ______ viruses: pathogenic
A virus does not have a ___, but it described as being a _____.: cell; particle
A virus has no ______, no _____, and is not surrounded by a _____---: nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane
Most viruses require and ____ _____ to be seen.: electron microscope
Viruses are measured in: millimicrons
A virus is one ______ of a ______: millionth, millimeter
The simplest viruses are a core of _____ _________ wrapped in a ____ ____: nucleic acid; protein coat
Sometimes nucleic acid is _ _ _ and sometimes it is _ _ _: RNA, DNA
The living cell which is invaded by a virus is called the ____ ___: host cell
A virus cannot _____ on its own: reproduce
In the living cell, the virus injects its ____ or ________ into the host cells _____. This causes the host cell to become a ___ ____.: nucelus; viral factory
Viruses generally invade only ____ kinds of cells: specific
The polio virus would attack only ___ ___ in the ____ ____ and ______: nerve cells; spinal cord; brain
The mumps virus infects only __ __ of ___ ___.: one pair; salivary glands
Viruses may be the primary cause of: cancer
Since viruses do not have a ____ ____ the best that can be done is to create drugs such as __ __ __ that will slow the ____ of the virus: cell membrane; AZT; reproduction
Viral diseases can be ____ with ____: prevented; vaccines
List 7 viral diseases for which there are vaccines: rabies, mumps, polio, measles, chicken pox, small pox, flu
The virus which causes the commom cold _____ so quickly and so often that there is no eddective ___ for the common cold: mutates; vaccine
When a virus enters the human body and gets into the ___ ___, the ____ ___ goes into action.: blood stream; immune system
Armed w/a _____ of the invader, these WBC go to the ____ ____ and tell it to make ___ ___ ___ which will ____ the invader. In about _ days, the ____ releases the new ___ ___ ___ which ears the birus through the process called _______: description; thymus gland; WBC; kill; 2; thymus; WBC; phagocytosis
IF you have already had the disease caused by a virus, or if you have been ____ against that disease, you already have the ___ ___ ___ which ____ the virus: vaccinated; WBC; kill
You cannot have most viral illnesses ____: twice
There are an estimated _________ mutant forms of the virus that creates the ____ ____. IF you had had a cold fromm all of these, you would be ____ to it.: common cold; immune
____ maybe had been the first form of life to exist on earth: bacteria
Early bacteria may have taken their energy from ____, ___-, and ___ rather than the ____: iron, sulfur, N2, sun
Bacteria are ____- a word which means they are everywhere: ubiquiton
Bacteria are measured by the ________: millimicron
Bacterua rabge in size from __ to____ millimicrons in length: 500; 10,000
___________ are sphere shaped bacterial cells: coceus
____ are sperical bacterial cells joined in pairs: dipplocus
_________ are spherical shaped bacterial cells which form colonies in clusters like a cluster of _____: staphylocorrus
______ are spherical shaped bacterial cells which form colonies of filaments or a ____ of cells: Streptococcus; string
______ are rod shaped bacteria: bacillus
____ are rod shaped bacteria in colonies of pairs: diplobaccilus
_____ are rod shaped bacteria joined end to end to forma a colony which resembles a string or a _____: streptobacillus; fillament
______ are cells shaped like bent rods or corkscrews: spirillum
bacteria have a ___ ___ which gives it shape: cell wall
Within the bacterial cell wall there is a thin ____ ____ which surrounds the ____: plasma membrane; cytoplasm
Bacteria have no ____ ___ but a nuclear area near the______ of the cell: nuclear membrance

center
surrounding the bacterial cell wall is a ____ ____ which _____ the bacteria and helps the cell ____ on to things: slime layer; protects; stick
The slime layer is sometimes called a ______: capsule
Some bacteria can ____. Movement is referred to scientifically as _____.; Most of bacteria that are this move by way of _____. Those are ___ ___ structures that whips about allowing the bacterium to move in the ____.: move; motility; flagella; whip-like; fluids
Many bacteria have the ability to go ____ when temp, moisture, light conditions, and food supply do not allow them to ____ live. These bacteria transform themselves into ____ which are capable of remaining dormant for ___ of years. When conditions become: dormany; actively; endospores; thousands; active
endospores have been found in deep layers of ____ in the antartic, trapped there for ____ of years. when placed in a better invironment, they became ___ cells.: ice, thousands, viable
Most bacteria grow best in the: dark
Many bacteria are killed by the ____ radiation of the ___: ultraviolent, sun
Some bacteria are ____ and use oxygen for respiration: aerobic
Most bacteria are ____ and are killed by oxygen: anaerobic
Still other bacteria can either ___ or ___ oxygen, but do best either ___ or ___ oxygen: take, leave, with, without
Those bacteria which must have oxygen are called ____ ___: obligate aerobes
Those bacteria which are killed by oxygen are called _____: obligate anaerobes
Those bacteria whih grow best w/o ocygen, but are not killed by it are called ____ ____: faculative anaerobes
Those bacteria that grow best w/oxygen, but are not killed by a lack of it are called ______ _____: faculative aerobes
The anaerobic respiration of bacteria can produce several different ___ _______ such as ___, ___ ___, and___: by-products; ethanol, lactic acid, methanol
Some bacteria are ____ and make their own food: autotrophic
Some bacteria have ____ for photosynthesis: chlorophyll
Some backteria use iron, nitrogen, or sulfur and make their food through ______: chemosynthesis
Most bacteria are _____ and feed on other organisms: heterotrophic
Some _____ bacteria are saprophytes: heterotrophic
____ feed on dead organic matter: saprophytes
When saprophytes feed on dead matter, they cause this dead organic matter to _____. These bacteria also feed on dead organic matter which is intended to be ___ ___: decompose; human food
Some heterotrophic bacteria are ____.: parasites
parasites invade the bodies of ___ and ___ and get food directly from the ____ ____ of these organisms. The organism invaded by these bacteria is called the ____.: plants and animals; living tissue; host
Most bacteria reproduce by ____ ____. In ____ ___ everything in the cell is ____ and then the cell ____ into ___ cells.: binary fission; duplicated, splits, 2
Bacteria fix ____ so that plants can use it. Although 70% of the earth's atmosphere is ____, it is not in a ____ form. Bacteria transform ____ into a _____ form.: n2, n2, useable, n2, useable
Bacteria are the main _______. If there were no bacteria, dead bodies would lie around for thousands of years _____.: decomposers, unchanged
In the late 1800's, _____ _____ formulated ____ theory, which changed the course of ____ ____. ___ theory is that bacteria can cause disease.: Louis Pasteur, germ, modern medicine, germ
List 9 diseases caused by bacteria: plague, pnuemonia, whooping cough, strep throat, botulism, syphillis, salmonella, TB, leprosy
____ drugs come directly from bacteria and molds: antibiotic
____ drugs are synthetic versions of the chemicals that kill bacteria: abiotics
The primary defense against bacterial invasion is the ____ ____: immune system
_____ is a process of heating certain liquid food , like ___, to kill most of the bacteria: pasteurization, milk
_____ prevents bacterial invasion, as does ____, ____, and _____.: Canning, refrigeration, freezing, dehydration

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