Classification of Organisms
Terms
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- What is a plant's primary structural molecule?
- Cellulose (in cell walls)
- Mutualistic Symbiosis
- Occurs when both organisms benefit from the relationship that is essential for each of their survival.
- Parasitic Symbiosis
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Occurs when one organism benefits from the other and the other's detriment without killing it.
EG Virus - Describe Alternation of Generation
- Plants life cycle that alternates between Sporophyte and Gametophyte.
- What 6 characteristics describe plants?
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1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryotic
3. Autotrophs = Photosynthetic
4. Specialized tissue and cells
5. Non-motile
6. Primary storage = starch
7. Primary structural component =cellulose - What is a plant's primary storage molecule?
- Starch
- What is a plants phylogenetic tree look like?
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Starts with Green Algae
Non-Vascular Seedless - liverworts, moss
Vascular Seedless - ferns, whisks
Vascular Seeded - Gymnosperms (conifers
and Angiosperms (flowered plants/fruits) - Describe 3 characteristics of a seed.
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1. They are young protected embryos
2. Have food supply to travel with
3. Seed is coated for protection - Describe 3 characteristics of a spore.
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1. Unicellular
2. No food supply
3. Unprotected and exposed - What are seeds?
- Multicellular reproductive bodies with nutritive tissue enclosed in a seed coat
- What are spores?
- Minute unicellular reproductive cells that gives rise to individual offspring in plants (and certain fungi and protista)
- What is a Gametophyte?
- A haploid plant that produces gametes
- What is a sporophyte?
- Diploid plants that produce spores.
- Which generation of plants is more advanced?
- Sporophyte
- Describe the anatomy of a plant.
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1. Root System - absorb H2O and dissolve minerals
2. Rhizoid - absorbing root like for some fungus and non vascular plants
3. Shoot System - above ground parts
4. Leaf - photosynthesis
5. Cuticle - leaf's waxy coating
6. Stoma - leaf opening - Describe a Net Ventation pattern.
- "V" on leaves of dicots
- Which is the largest Algae?
- Brown Algae - Kelp
- Give an example of a mutualistic symbiotic relationship.
- E. Coli lives in our gut and supplies us with vitamin K and aids in lipid digestion. We provide it with a safety environment with plenty of nutrients.
- Which Protista is most plant like and why?
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Green Algae
1. Almost all are photosynthetic
2. Has chloroplasts
3. Has cellulose
4. Has pectin
5. Lives in fresh water - Describe 4 characteristics of Red Algae.
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1. Mostly marine, some fresh water
2. Have chlorphyll a and phycobilin
3. Flexible
4. Slippery - Describe the anatomy of brown algae.
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1. Holdfast (KW roots)
2. Stipe (KW stem)
3. Blades (KW leaves)
4. Bladder (KW floatation device) - What are algae?
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Photosynthetic protists
Many single-celled - What 3 types of Algae are there?
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Red Algae - Nori sushi wrap
Brown Algae - Seaweed
Green Algae - Most plant-like - Describe 6 characteristics of Brown Algae.
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1. The largest algae
2. Cool or temperate marine waters
3. Most giant kelp, AKA seaweed
4. Microscopic to 20 m long
5. Photosynthetic
6. Commercial uses: icecream - What is extracellular digestion and what organism uses this?
- Fungi secrete digestive enzymes to break down food outside their body into molecules they can absorb.
- What are the 4 major groups of fungi?
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1. Club Fungi - mushrooms
2. Zygomycetes - black bread mold
3. Sac Fungi - yeast (single celled)
4. Imperfect Fungi - pathogenic ie Athletes foot, Candida - What are 4 characteristics of Fungi?
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1. Heterotrophs (Decomposers)
2. Mostly multicelled
3. Mostly saprobes: take nutrients from non-living organic matter and cause decay
4. Some parasites: take nutrients from living hosts EG Athletes foot - What physical characteristic does amoeboid protozoans have that make it animal like?
- Pseudopods: fake feet
- What organism is a ciliated protozoan (animal-like)?
- Paramecium: cilia and flagella for locomotion
- What is a lysogenic pathway?
- Virus lives in the host cell so that it may replicate its genes in the next generation. Host cell only dies when instructed to at a later date.
- Which Protistas are fungi-like, plant-like and animal-like?
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Fungi = Slime mold
Plant = Green seaweed
Animal = Amoeba - What 4 physical characteristics describe protistas?
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1. Nucleus and organelles
2. Flagella and cilia (locomotion)
3. Most are single-celled
4. Cell division by mitosis and meiosis
May be multicellular, and have chloroplasts. - What are 2 examples of fungi-like protistas and what characteristic do they share with fungi?
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1. Slime Molds
2. Water Molds
They form spores like fungi does - What is the lowest organism in the food chain and where is it found?
- Phytoplankton; ocean
- What are animal-like protistas called?
- Protozoans
- What 2 physical characteristics describe a protozoan?
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1. Microscopic
2. Heterotrophic - Which prokaryote is more similar to eukaryotes?
- Archaebacteria
- What 2 characteristics define a virus?
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1. It must have genetic material and a protein coat
2. It cannot reproduce itself (relies on host cell to reproduce) - What is a bacteriophage?
- A virus, or group of viruses, that infect bacterial cells.
- How does a virus multiply?
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1. Attachment: to specific host
2. Penetration: whole virus or genetic material enters cytoplasm
3. Replication: viral RNA & DNA take over host's machinery and make viral nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes
4. Assembly: of nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes to make new viral particles
5. Release: Lytic pathway or lysogenic pathway - What is a lytic pathway?
- Viral enzymes destroy the host's cell wall and viral particles escape.
- What 6 physical characteristics describe bacteria?
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1. No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
2. Only 1 chromosome (circular)
3. Usually have a cell wall
4. Reproduction by Prokaryotic Fission
5. Metabolically diverse (an/aerobic)
6. Different shapes (coccus, baccilus, sprioleum) - What are 3 Eubacteria organisms?
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Cyanobacteria - photoautotroph
Lactobaccilus - chemoenterotroph
E. Coli - chemoenterotroph - What is a gram stain used for ?
- To test bacteria for the presence of a thick or thin layer of peptodiglycan in the cell wall.
- What kingdom do Lactobacillus belong to?
- Eubacteria
- What kingdom do E. Coli belong to?
- Eubacteria
- What kingdom do Cyanobacteria belong to?
- Eubacteria
- What are 3 examples of pathogenic eubacteria?
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E. Coli: if it gets in the blood stream = diarrhea, dehydration, possible death
Clostridium Botulism: botulism toxin in human body causes paralyses = suffocation, death
Clostridium Tetani: tetanus toxin causes skeletal muscle spasms = suffocation, death - What structural characteristics do Archaebacteria have in addition to all bacteria?
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1. Plasma membrane
2. Ribosomes - What are the 2 types of prokaryotes?
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Eubacteria (true bacteria)
and Archaebacteria - What does pathogenic mean?
- Disease causing
- What structural characteristics do bacteria have?
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1. Plasma membrane
2. Circular DNA
Some also have a cell wall and plasmids