biochem2
Terms
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- double helix
- the helical shape of the double chain of DNA that is like a spiral staircase w/a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside and base pairs like stair steps on the inside
- mRNA
- messenger RNA; produced in the nucleus by DNA to carry the genetic info to the ribosomes for the construction of a protein
- nucleoside
- the combination of a pentose sugar and a nitrogen-containing base
- operon
- a grp of genes, including a control site and structural genes, whose transcription is controlled by the same regulatory gene
- recombinant DNA
- DNA spliced from different organisms to form new, synthetic DNA
- replication
- the process of duplicating DNA by pairing the bases on each parent strand w/their complementary base
- restriction enzyme
- an enzyme that cuts a large DNA strand into smaller fragments to isolate a gene or to remove a portion of the DNA in the plasmids of E. coli
- retrovirus
- a virus that contains RNA as its genetic material and that synthesizes a complimentary DNA strand inside the cell
- structural genes
- the sections of DNA that code for the synthesis of proteins
- transcription
- the tranfer of genetic info from DNA by the formation of mRNA
- tRNA
- Transfer RNA; an RNA that places a specific aa into a peptide chain at the ribosome. There is one or more tRNA for each of the 20 different aa's
- genetic code
- the sequence of codons in mRNA that specifies the aa order for the synthesis of protein
- codon
- a sequence of three bases in mRNA that specifies a certain aa to be placed in a protein. A few codons signal the start or stop of transcription
- enzyme induction
- a model of cellular regualtion in which protein synthesis is induced by a stubtstrate
- mutation
- a change in the DNA base sequence that alters the formation of a protein in the cell
- pholphodiester bond
- the phosphate link that joins the 3' hydroxyl grp in one nucleotide to the phosphate grp on the 5'-C atom in the next nucleotide
- complementary base pairs
- in DNA, adenine is always paired w/thymine (A-T or T-A), and guanine is always paired w/cytosine (G-C or C-G). In forming RNA, adenine is paired w/uracil (A-U).
- nitrogen-containing base
- Nitrogen-containing compounds found in DNA and RNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (JG), and uracil (U)
- nucleotides
- building blcoks of a nucleic acid consisting of a nitrogen-containing base, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate grp
- translation
- the interpretation of the codons in mRNA as aa's in a peptide
- control site
- a section of DNA composed of a promoter and operator that regulates protein synthesis
- exons
- the sections in a DNA template that code for proteins
- genetic disease
- a physical malformation or metabolic dysfunction caused by a mutation in the base sequence of DNA
- nucleic acids
- large molecules composed of nucleotides, found as a double helix in DNA, and as the single strands of RNA
- polymerase chain rxn (PCR)
- a strand of DNA is copied many times by mixing it w/DNA polymerase and a mixture of deoxyribonucleotides
- regulatory gene
- a gene in front of the control site that produces a repressor
- replication forks
- the open sections in unwound DNA strands where DNA polymerase begins the replication process
- RNA
- Ribnucleic acid, a type of nucleic acid that is single strand of nucleotides containing adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
- anticodon
- the triplet of bases in the center loop of tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA
- DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material of all cells containing nucleotides w/deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and the four nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
- frame shift mutation
- a mutation that inserts or deletes a base in a DNA sequence
- introns
- the sections in DNA that do not code for protein
- Okazaki fragments
- the short segments formed by DNA polymerase in the daughter DNA strand that runs in the 3' to 5' direction
- primary structure
- the sequences of nucleotides in nucleic acids
- repressor
- a protein that interacts w/the operator gene in an operon to prevent the transcription of mRNA
- rRNA
- Ribosomal RNA; the most prevalent type of RNA; a major component of the ribosomes
- substitution
- a mutation that replaces one base in a DNA w/a different base
- translocation
- the shift of a ribosome along mRNA from one codon (three bases) to the next codon during translation
- virus
- small particles containing DNA or RNA in a protein coat that require a host cell for replication