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Foundations of Education Final Terms

Terms

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Ethnic Group
subgroup of our population; common culture, language, customs, etc.
Mass media
that which reaches a national audience
Socio-economic status
determined by education, wealth, income, occupation, power, prestige, etc.
Society
group of people who share a common culture, government, institutions, land, etc.
Socialization
how people are conditioned to norms/customs of a particular culture
Diversity
groupings defined by social class, ethnicity, race, language, religion, exceptionality, gender, intelligence, etc.
exceptionalities
those termed gifted & talented and those with mental/physical disabilities
learning disability
delayed development in one or more processes of thinking, speaking, reading, writing, listening, or in performing math operations
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder -affects 3-7% of our population -marked by inattention or hyperactivity and/or learning or emotional disability
globalization
growth of international exchange
divergent thinking
activities like brainstorming, debating, open discussion -applies to opinions
Proprietary school
school that runs to make a profit
Drug-free school zone
area designated to be drug free -promotes safe, drug-free learning environment & gives a good message -if someone violates it, penalties are usually doubled
Gifted & talented
those with outstanding talent to perform or who show potential for performing at a remarkably high level of accomplishment when compared to others of their age
Language diversity
English is not a native language for growing numbers of students (almost 10 million in 2003 alone)
Curriculum mapping
writing down what is taught, when it is taught, how it was assessed and is there alignment in scope & sequence -great communications tool
subject-centered curriculum
oldest and most common structure and most traditional - curriculum as a prograpm of studies or collection of courses that represent what students should know
No Child Left Behind
2001 President George W. Bush and others; requred assessments in gr. 3-8 in Math & ELA -better certifications for teachers; mandated reporting of yearly progress
Curriculum
ALL the educational experiences of students taking place in our schools
Mandated Assessment
testing programs (local/state/federal) -minimum competancy =65-84%, mastery =85%+
Hidden curriculum
not actually taught but perhaps implied by the instructor
Null curriculum
process of avoiding 'controversial issues' (i.e. condoms in Health class)
Instructional goals
general statements about learning (want you to learn how to add)
instructional objectives
much more specific (want you to learn how to add two place numbers by the end of this week)
taxonomy
a classification system (Bloom - from basic learning/comprehension up to synthesis & evaluation)
Synectics
engage everyone in creative thinking
critical thinking
higher order thinking skills
multiple intelligences
ways in which people learn (orally, visually, logically, etc.)
Cooperative learning
small groups having a specific assignment or task; working as a group usually with assigned roles
Procedural knowledge
what we can do with what we know
declarative knowledge
just what we know
imaginative learner
learns best by listening & sharing; needs to process & reflect on what they are told
analytic learner
does well in traditional classrooms; hear/see then process, reflect and commit to memory
common sense learner
needs to see and understand why they are learning - how does it apply to their lives
dynamic learner
hands-on learner; project oriented
constitutions
written contracts for establishment of governments; highest level of law
General Welfare clause
allows Congress to tax and spend money for education as part of the general welfare of people
Statutory law
law consisting of written enactments of legislative bodies - 2nd highest level of law
OSHA
(Occupational Safety & Health Act) -helps furnish a safe working environment for all
Plenary= Case=
=absolute =common law
Compulsory attendance
law which stipulates children must attend school between ages of 5-17
Certification
license for teaching
Section 504 Rehabilitation Act of 1973
reasonable accomodations for mental or physical disorders
Tenure
status conferred on teachers who have served probationary periods and have acceptable evaluations
Reasons for dismissal
1. immorality - involving sexual relations/remarks/materials/conduct 2. incompetency - lack of ability, legal qualifications, or fitness to discharge required duties 3. insubordination - persistent, willful and deliberate violation of a reasonable rule or direct order from a recognized authority
Sexual harassment
unwelcome advances or outright requests for sexual favors as a condition for employment (jokes, touching, pictures, language, etc.)
Affirmative Action
steps in place to recruit, hire, and retain individuals who are underrepresented in the workplace
[3 main] Leagal responsibilities of teachers
1. reporting child abuse & neglect 2. copyright law 3. tort liability (tort = a civil wrong that leads to injury and for which a court will provide a remedy)
Short-term suspension = Long-term suspension=
=5 days or less (Principal) tutoring for those under age 16 =by Superintendent 10 days or more
Gun Free School Act of 1994
full year suspension (weapons)
FERPA Act of 1974
family education rights & privacy act -federal law -protecton of parents and students (release of records to unauthorized people)
School boards
appointed or elected -no edu requirement -must reside in district
Principal
primary responsibility of success or failure of educational program in a school -lead staff in vision and climate of a school
district budgets
main costs are personnel
site based management
building level committees (teachers/parents/students) make decisions (i.e. report cards)
Charter schools
school choice
equity
equal treatment for all students
adequacy
implies level of funding is sufficient
choice
local districts choose level of spending
Equalized Foundation Grants
difference between fixed level of expenditure per student set by the State & amount district can collect locally via a uniform tax rate
"Ad Valorem" tax:
the local property tax
Culture
behavioral patterns, ideas, values, norms, religions, beliefs, customs, etc., of a given people at a given time in history
Multiculturalism
diversity of our population in terms of ethnicity, socio-economic status, gender, and exceptionalities
Macroculture
broad ideas (i.e. I am American)
Microculture
very specific ideas (I am Afro-American, Catholic, from an upper-class background living in the South)
I.D.E.A. (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)
all children between 3-21 -free & appropriate education, least restrictive environment, individualized education plan
Inclusion
efforts to increase # of students with disabilities into 'regular' classroom -special services/resources to come to them in regular classrooms rather than them going out to specialized resource rooms
Verve
high level of energy and enthusiasm
Nexus
connection between out-of-school misbehavior and teacher's ability to teach (part of dismissal process)
At-risk student
developmentally normal child who happens to be coping with a challenging situation
self-fullfilling prophecy
having pre-conceived ideas of how a child with particular 'challenges' will behave or progress
Resiliency
how to successfully cope with challenging situations (at risk factors)
Drop out
leaving school for any reason before graduation and not enrolling in another school
Child Abuse/Neglect
act or failure to act on part of parent/guardian which results in death, injury, emotional harm, or sexual abuse
Bullying
form of aggressive behavior - verbal/social, physical or psychological repeated over a period of time
Acting In
directing feelings inward (depression/suicide)
Acting out
feelings directed outward (disruptive behaviors/discipline problems)
Net geners
(this generation answers to the 'baby boomers') - technology skills
Heiddi Hayes Jacobs
(person) curriculum mapping
Elliot Eisner
(person) curriculum designers are like artists
Benjamin S. Bloom
taxonomy; classification system for 'learning' knowledge -evaluation
Howard Gardner
(person) multiple intelligences -8 ways of 'thinking' -higher order thinking skills
Richard Mills
(person) NYS Commissioner of Education
Thomas Jefferson
(person) called for 'wall of separation' between church & state
Ellwood Cubberley
(person) led to state adopted school finance equalization methods for education
James Banks
(person) 5 dimensions of multicultural education
Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson
(person) Elementary & Secondary Education Act of 1965
Don Tapscott
(person) "Growing Up Digital" -net geners
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
(SC) teachers & students CAN express opinions as long as they do not disrupt or cause disorder or invade rights of others
Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
(SC) teacher WAS within his rights to criticize Superintendent & BOE as to how they spent district money
Connick V. Myers (1983)
(SC) free expression is NOT protected when an employee speaks as an employee
Stroman V. Collerton County (1992)
(SC) letter encouraging a 'sick out' during final exam week DOES undermine effectiveness of working relationship and is disruptive
San Antonio V. Rodriguez (1983)
(SC) education is NOT a constitutionally guaranteed right
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1972)
(SC) state support to private/non-public schools IS unconstitutional
Engle v. Vitale (1962)
(SC) public schools may NOT require recitation of prayer in schools
Lee v. Weisman (1992)
(SC) school prayer at graduation led by administration IS UNconstitutional
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
(SC) compulsory Flag allegiance IS unconstitutional
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
(SC) separate but equal facilities for blacks and white ARE constitutionally permitted
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education (1954)
(SC) separate but equal facilities ARE constitutional
Chain of command in school
-state: commissioner of education -Local: superintendent-> principal
How schools work with $
-contracts, payrolls, personnel -expenditure: any $ school boards spend

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