Chapter SIX
Terms
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- essential feature of foraging
- people rely on nature to make their living.
- alienation
- means that they don't feel strong pride in or identification with their products
- agriculture
- cultivation that requires more labor than horticulture does because it uses land intensively and continuously
- characteristics of foraging societies
- live in band/organized societies, mobility, people marry outside their own band, people can join any band that they have blood relation to or marital links, men hunt and fish, women gather and collect, egalitarian
- economy
- a system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources; economics is the study of such systems
- modes of production
- a way of organizing production-->"a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge"
- means of production
- include land (territory), labor, and technology
- Trobriand Islands
- Kula Ring trading (for prestige)- men-->yams, women-->bundles, skirts
- Asante Market Women
- women's roles in markets and power within marriage or the household
- generalized reciprocity
- someone gives to another person and expects nothing concrete or immediate in return
- characteristics of horticulture
- involves the slash-and-burn techniques, relationship between people and land is not permanent, also called shifting cultivation
- redistribution
- the flow of goods eventually reverses direction - out from the center, down through the hierarchy, and back to the common people
- egalitarian
- prestige is based on age and gender
- characteristics of pastoralism
- nomadism (the entire group-men, women, and children-moves with the animals throughout the year), transhumance (part of the group moves with the herds, but most people stay home in the village)
- band
- a small group of fewer than a hundred people, all are related by kinship or marriage.
- characteristics of asante market women
- matrilineal, polygamy->status of men, Ghana, positions of power in society: kingdom within a modern state, two ways to become a queen mother
- Trobriand exchange
- by Annette Weiner (1976), women of value, men of renown: new perspectives in trobriand exchange
- basic assumption of 19th century
- the idea that individuals choose to maximize profits was a basic assumption of the classical economists of the 19th century
- The Kula Ring
- by Bronislaw Malinowski (1922), argonauts of the western pacific
- negative reciprocity
- mainly in dealing with people outside or on the fringes of their social systems
- balanced reciprocity
- applies to exchanges between people who are more distantly related than are members of the same band or household
- horticulture
- cultivation that makes intensive use of none of the factors of productions: land, labor, capital, and machinery
- characteristics of agriculture
- domesticated animals (use animals as means of production), irrigation (makes it possible to cultivate a plot year after year), terracing (cut into hillside, creating areas to grow crops)
- the market principle
- items are bought and sold, using money, with an eye to maximizing profit, and value is determined by the law of supply and demand
- pastoralism
- these herders are people whose activities focus on such domesticated animals
- modern foragers
- all modern foragers live in nation states and depend to some extent on government.
- reciprocity
- exchange between social equals, who normally are related by kinship, marriage, or another close personal tie