Anthropology Exam 2
Terms
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- signal
- an instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning
- convergent evolution
- in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures
- symbol
- a sign, sound, emblem or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way
- phoneme
- the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language
- market exchange
- the buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand
- leveling mechanism
- a social or economic practice that serves to lessen differentials in wealth
- carrying capacity
- the number of individuals who can be supported in a given area within natural resource limits, and without degrading the natural social, cultural and economic environment for present and future generations
- brings about disease
- invention of horticulture
- morphology
- the study of the patterns or rules of a word formation in a language (including such things as rules concerning verb tense, pluralization, and compound words)
- agriculture
- the cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for crop production, involves using technologies other than hand tools, such as irrigation, fertilizers, and the wooden or metal plow pulled by harnessed draft animals
- independence training
- child-rearing practices that promote independence, self-reliance, and personal achievement on the part of the child
- Kula Ring
- a form of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade relations among the seafaring Trobriand people, who inhabit a large ring of islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean off the eastern coast of Papua New Guinea, and other Melanesians
- pastoral
- sexual division of labor, seasonal migration or nomadism
- dependence training
- child-rearing practices that foster compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on the domestic group, rather than reliance on oneself
- core values
- those values especially promoted by a particular culture
- dialects
- varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible
- generalized reciprocity
- a mode of exchange in which the value of what is given is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified
- code switching
- changing from one mode of language to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another
- core vocabularies
- the most basic and long-lasting words in any language-pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects
- redistribution
- a form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated
- linguistic nationalism
- the attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms
- agricultural / urban
- sedentary, stratified social structure, intensive land use, increased specialization, larger population
- informal market system
- nothing is documented, there is no paper trail, and everything is in cash
- culture core
- cultural features that are fundamental in the society's way of making its living - including food-producing techniques, knowledge of available resources, and the work arrangements involved in applying those techniques to the local environment
- pastoralism
- breeding and managing large herds of domesticated grazing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, llamas, or camels
- enculturation
- the process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society
- formal market system
- everything is documented, there is a paper trail, everything is enumerated
- Margaret Mead
- write "Coming of Age in Samoa," one of the founders of psychological anthropology
- horticulture
- cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes
- language
- a system of economic communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules
- potlach
- on the northwest coast of North America, a ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth
- Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- The idea that language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us
- prestige economy
- creation of a surplus for the express purpose of gaining prestige through a public display of wealth that is given away as gifts
- centered around the equator
- early plant and animal domestication
- language renewal
- the reinstating of languages in danger of being lost due to factors such as globalization and colonization
- parallel evolution
- in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike
- phonology
- the study of language sounds
- craft specialization
- a factor of economics which leads to sedentary lifestyles and subsistence practices like agriculture
- Ruth Benedict
- wrote "Patterns of Culture," saw different cultures as Dionysian and Apollonian
- horticultural
- sedentary, ranked social structures, extensive land use, same specialization
- national character studies
- examples of early anthropological studies that recognized and applied behavioral patterns unanimously to citizens within a culture as a result of those citizens being born and or raised there
- negative reciprocity
- a form of exchange in which the aim is to get something for as little as possible; neither fair nor balanced, it may involve hard bargaining, manipulation, and outright cheating
- three kinds of reciprocity
- generalized, balanced, and negative
- food gathering and foraging
- sexual division of labor, food sharing, mobility, egalitarian social structure, small population size
- morpheme
- the smallest unit of sound that carries a meaning in language, distinct from a phoneme, which can alter meaning but has no meaning by itself
- technology
- tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them
- modal personality
- the body of character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a culturally bounded population
- conspicuous consumption
- a showy display of wealth and prestige
- paralanguage
- voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning, including vocalizations such as giggling,groaning, or sighing, as well as voice qualities such as pitch and tempo
- reciprocity
- the exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties
- food foraging
- hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods
- ethnic psychosis
- a mental disorder specific to a particular ethnic group
- linguistics
- the modern scientific study of all aspects of language
- balanced reciprocity
- a mode of exchange in which the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery
- parts of body involved in speech
- nasal cavity, palate, tongue, epiglottis, larynx, pharynx and trachea