Anthro 2 2
Terms
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- cultural adaption
- complex ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive and even thrive
- horticulture
- the cultivation of crops with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes
- ecosystem
- A system, or a functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living within it.
- cultural ecology
- the dynamic interaction of specific cultures with their environments
- progress
- The ethnocentric notion that humans are moving forward to a higher, more advanced stage in their development toward perfection
- convergent evolution
- In cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures
- Parallel evolution
- In cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environment conditions by peoples whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike.
- culture area
- A geographic region in which a number of societies follow similar patterns of life
- culture type
- Concerns a particular technology and its relationship with certain environmental features.
- culture core
- Cultural features that are fundamental in the society's way of making it's living-including food-producing techniques, knowledge of available resources, and work arrangements involved in applying those techniques to the local environment
- Julian H Steward
-
developed approach of cultural ecology.
studied Peru and Mesoamerica
3 fundamental procedures:
-interrelationship of a culture's technology and it's environment should be analyzed
-Patterns of behavior associated with culture's technology shoudl be analyzed
-the relation between those behavior patterns and the rest of the cultural system must be determined - food-foraging
- hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods
- carrying capacity
- the # of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques
- density of social relations
- the number and intensity of interactions among the members of a camp.
- Neolithic revolution
- the profound culture change associated with the early domestication of plants and animals
- swidden farming
- Also known as slash and burn. An extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops then planted among the ashes.
- Gardens of Mekranoti Kayapo
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-always follows the same sequence (men clear forest and burn debris, plants of put in where the ashes are but about 25-30 years later the forest looks the same as it did due to lack of weeding)
-stomp an plant and do a cheer (magic to ensure large crop)
-for every hour of gardening - 18,000 kilocalories of food
-Brazil - Intensive agriculture
- crop cultivation using technologies other than hand tools, such as irrigation, fertilizers, and the wooden or metal plow pulled by harnessed draft animals.
- pastorilism
- Breeding and managing of herds of domesticated grazing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, llamas, or camel.
- transhumance
- Among pastoralists, the grazing of animals in low steppe lands in the winter and then moving to high pastures on the plateaus in the summer.
- Agricultural Environment and the Anthropologist
- Kendall and Chepstow found that intensive farming began in Patacancha valley about 4000 years ago. It was done to counteract erosion and maximize production. Since 1997, ADESA runs the projects in the area
- preindustrial cities
- the kinds of urban settlements that are characteristic of nonindustrialized civilizations
- economic system
- a means of producing, distributing, and consuming goods
- Jomo Kenyatta
- Kenya's first president, national slogan was Harambee (pull together). Traveled to London in 1929 and 31 to request independence. Wrote an autobiography titles Facing Mount Kenya. Imprisoned for 7 years for being an instigator,
- techonology
- tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of hoe to make and use them
- leveling mechanism
- A societal obligation compelling a family to distribute goods so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else
- reciprocity
- exchange of goods and services, or approximately equal values between two parties.
- generalized reciprocity
- A mode of exchange in which the value of the gift is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified
- balanced reciprocity
- A mode of exchange in which the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery.
- negative reciprocity
- A form of exchange in which the giver tries to get the better of the exchange
- silent trade
- a form of barter in which to verbal communication takes place
- Kula ring
- A form of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade relations among the seafaring Trobriand people who inhabit a large ring of islands in the southern Pacific off the eastern coast of Papau New Guinea, and other Melanesians
- redistribution
- A form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated
- conspicuous consumption
- term coined by Thorstein Veblen to decribe the display of wealth for social prestige
- potlatch
- A ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth
- prestige economy
- Creation of a surplus for the express purpose of gaining prestige though a public display of wealth that is given away as gifts
- Prestige Economics in Papau New Guinea
-
avg of 33 - Enga close knit extended family
avg of 90 - Enga subclan
avg of 350 - the clan
They must neutralize external threats by maintaining a large, unified group, collaborating in accumulation of food and wealth, and by being strong and wealthy. A Big Man is a local leader who motivated followers to act in concert. Te cycle - series of competitive exchanges that link central Enga clans. 3 major paths for creating alliances are marriage, sharing of food at feasts, and web of debt and credit through exchanges of food and other wealth. - market exchange
- The buying and selling or goods and services, with prices set by rule of supply and demand
- money
- Anything used to make payments for other things as well as to measure their value; may be special purpose or multipurpose
- Informal economy
- The production of marketable commodities that for various reasons escape enumeration, regulation, or any other sort of public monitoring or auditing
- Anthropology in the Corporate Jungle
- fixinf IBM's problem was 2 parts: - reorganizing company by outsourcing divisions as independent companies partnering with IMB - restructuring the pay and performance systems for top executives so they are rewarded for cooperating as a team
- Anthropology and AIDS
- 16000 new cases a day, anthropologists look at the relationship between those affected and the social, cultural, political, and economic surroundings
- marriage
- A culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. Such marriage rights and obligations most often include, but are not limited to, sex, labor, property, child rearing, exchange, and status
- consanguineal kin
- relatives by birth- blood relatives
- conjugal bond
- The bond between two individuals that are married
- afinal kin
- relatives by marriage
- incest taboo
- prohibition of sexual relations between specified individuals, usually parent-child and sibling relations at a minimum
- endogamy
- marriage within a particular group or category of indivduals
- exogamy
- marriage outside a group
- monogamy
- marriage in which both partners have just one spouse
- polygyny
- marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time
- Marriage prohibitions in the US
- 30 states prohibit 1st cousin marriages, 12 states prohibit in-law intermarrying.
- Claude Levi-Strauss
- French structuralism - human mind imposes order by seperating the perceived world into elementary bits of info. believes human thought processes are in two polar opposite pairs. Incest taboo comes from the self vs. other thought.
- polyandry
- Marriage of woman to two or more men at the same time
- group marriage
- marriage in which several men and womenhave sexual access to one another
- levirate
- marriage custom according to which a widow marries a brother of her dead husband
- sororate
- A marriage custom in which a window marries a sister of his dead wife.
- serial monogamy
- marriage form in which a man or woman marries of lives with a series or partners in succession
- Arranging Marriage in India
- Family's reputation is most important, matches only in same caste system, offering proper gifts, rarely gossips and never quarrels, skin color
- patrilateral parallel-cousin marriage
- Marriage of a man to his father's brother's daughter, or a woman from her father's brither's son
- matrilateral cross-cousin marriage
- Marriage of a woman to her father's sister's son, or a man to his mother's brother's daughter
- bride-price
- compensation the groom or his family pays to the bride's family upon marriage aka bride wealth
- bride service
- A designated period of time after marriage when the groom works for the bride's family
- dowry
- payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or her husband.
- family
- two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Takes may forms ranging from a single parent with one or more children, married couple or polygamous spouses with offsapring, to several generations of parents and their children
- family of orientation
- family into which someone is born or adopted and raised
- family of procreation
- family formed when someone becomes a parent and raises one or more children
- household
- basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out
- conjugal family
- family formed on basis of marital ties
- consanguinel family
- related women, their brothers, and the women's offsprings
- blended family
- married couple raising children together from previous unions
- new reproductive technologies
- aka NRTs, this term referd to alternative means of reproduction such as surrogate motherhood and in vitro fertilization
- nuclear family
- a group consisting of one or more parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children
- extended family
- several closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group
- polygamous family
- one individual with multiple spouses and all of their children
- The ever changing family in North America
- Colonial homes-everything was everyone's business, there was no distinction between public and domestic life. Women were subordinate. Dancing and forms of dress were prohibited. This ended for a variety of reasons and nuclear families were gaining privacy. Industrialization of 18th and 19th century brought work away from home making the distinction between public and private lives. End of WWII brought the Golden Age of American family 'move to suburbs, husband was the breadwinner, mother stayed holme and cleaned, cooked, child reared" Today, majority of women work, the divorce rate has skyrocketed, many single parent homes or blended. Familt has become personal choice instead of biological connection
- polygynous family
- A type of polygamous family involving a man with multiple wives and their children
- polyandrous family
- A type of polygyamous family involving a woman with multiple husbands and their children.
- Patrilocal residence
- A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the locality associated with the husband's father's relatives
- Matrilocal residence
- A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the locality associated with the wife's parents
- ambilocal residence
- A pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence
- neolocal residence
- pattern in which married couple may establish their household in location apart from either the husband's or wife's relatives
- Avunculocal residence
- Residence of a married couple with the husband's mother's brother
- sororal polygyny
- Marriage of one man to women who are sisters
- fraternal polyandry
- Marriage of one women to men who are brothers
- Dealing with infant mortality
- Dr Margaret Boone studied poor maternal and infant health among inner city blacks. Their infants die at almost twice the rate of white babies. Infant death and miscarriage are associated with lack of prenatal care, smoking, alcohol, psychological distress during pregnancy, violence, ineffective contraception, rapid child bearing in teens, and use of several harmful drugs together. 3/4 of Boone's observants were unmarried.
- kinship
- a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations
- descent group
- Any publicly recognized social entity requiring lineal descent from a particular real or mythical ancestor for membership
- lineage
- corporate descent group-a unified body or corps of consanguineal relatives who trace their genealogical links to a common ancestor and associate with one another for a shared purpose
- clan
- typically consisting of several lineages, a noncorporate descent group whose members assume descent from a common ancestor (real or fictive) without actually knowing the genealogical links to that ancestor
- double descent
- A system tracing descent matrilinealy for some purposes and patrilinealy for others
- ambilineal descent
- descent in which the individual may affiliate with either the mother's of the father's descent group
- fission
- The splitting of descent group into two or more descent groups
- totemism
- the belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestoral spirits
- phraty
- A unilineal descent group composed fo two or more clans that assume they share the same common ancestory but do not know the precise genealogical links of that ancestory. If only two such groups exist, each is moiety
- Resolving a Native American Tribal Membership dispute
- several hundred people became tribal members without proper certification. Most micmac adults were at least half-blood (having 2 of their grandparents recorded as Indians). Harold Prins was asked to evaluate and found that from the 1200 claimings, 850 were legit
- moiety
- Each group that results from a division of a society into two halves on the basis of descent
- kindred
- An individual's close relatives on the maternal and paternal sides of the family
- Eskimo system
- System of kindred terminology, also called lineal system, which empasizes the nuclear family by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into broad categories such as uncle, aunt, and cousin
- Hawaiian system
- kinship reckoning in which all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term
- Iriquois System
- kinship terminology wherein a father and father's brother are referred to by a single term, as are a mother and mother's sister, but a father's sister and a mother's brother are given separate terms. Parallel cousins are classified with brothers and sisters, whiel cross cousins are classifies seperately, but not equated with relatives of the same generation
- Crow System
- Kinship classification usually associated with matrilineal descent in which a father's sister and father's sister's daughter are called by the same term, a mother and mother's sister are merged under another, and a father and a father's brother are lumped in a third. Parallel cousins are equated with brothers and sisters.