Flashcards due Saturday 10/14/06

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Which of the following items are true for cerebellar lesions? 1) Ataxia is contralateral to the cerebellar lesion. 2) Unsteady gait and eye-movement abnormalities (often with intense vertigo) are associated with midline lesions (vermis, f: Correct items: 2, 3, 4, 5
What is a technical term for unsteady gait caused by poor cerebellar motor control.: truncal ataxia
What is a "fossa"; and what fossa is associated with the cerebellum?: A "fossa" is a reservoir-like depression in the skull. For example, the "posterior fossa" primarily holds the cerebellum, among other smaller structures.
The midline "vermis" is so named because it looks like a _______ (latin translation).: worm
The primary fissue of the cerebellum, called the ________________ fissure, divides the cerebellum into an __________ lobe and a _____________ lobe.: primary, anterior, posterior.
Multiple Choice: The primary fissure of the cerebellum runs (horizontally/vertically): Horizontally.
The cerebellum forms the roof of the ___________ ventricle, and spans almost the entire length of the following brain stem structures: ____________ and _________________.: fourth ventricle; medulla and pons
True or False: Ataxia is contralateral to the side of the lesion.: False
True or False: Unsteady gait and eye-movement abnormalities (often with intense vertigo) are associated with midline cerebellar lesions (vermis, flocculonodular lobes).: True
True or False: Ataxia of the limbs is typically caused by lesions *lateral* to the vermis.: True
True or False: Ataxia may be seen as the result of lesions in other areas than the cerebellum, due to reciprocal interconnections (part of the cerebellar network): True
True or False: Cerebellar lesions may cause severe speech articulation problems.: True.
What is a good way to remember the prototypical symptoms (signs) of a cerebellar lesion?: Visualize what happens when someone is moderately drunk:
1) staggering gait/truncal ataxia;
2) difficulty coordinating arms/appendicular ataxia;
3) slurred speech /articulation;
4) "whirlies" (vertigo);
5) poor judgment (cognitive processing).
In the cerebellum, ridges have a different name than in the cerebral cortex where they are called "gyri". They are called ________ due to their resemblance to ___________.: folia; "leaves".
Removing the cerebellum from the brain stem reveals the three__________________, which form the walls (sides) of the _______________.: cerebral peduncles; fourth ventricle.
The vermis is important in control of __________ muscles.: proximal and trunk muscles (NOT limb muscles.)
The flocculonodular lobes, situated near the vermis, are important in ________________ control.: vestibulo-ocular control (balance and related eye-movements).
The inferior vermis and flocculonodular lobes regulate b_________, e_______________, and g______ through interactions with the vestibular circuitry.: balance, eye-movements, gait
The intermediate part of the cerebellar hemispheres is mainly involved in control of more distal (distant) parts of the appendicular muscles in the _________ and ________________.: arms and legs.
The largest functional unit of the cerebellar hemisphere is the _____________ hemisphere (or "area"), and is involved in m_______ p________ for the extremities.: lateral hemisphere, motor planning and some cognitive functiongs.
True or False: Virtually the entire lateral cerebellar hemisphere can be removed on one side without severe deficits.: True
*ALL* outputs from the cerebellum are relayed by d___________ c____________ nuclei and v________ nuclei. (Outputs also have some connections from inputs on their way to the cerebellar cortex).: deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei
The three cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, inferior) are also referred to as the __________ __________, _________ __________, and __________ ___________ respectively.: Brachium conjunctivum, brachium pontis, restiform body.
Multiple Choice: The superior peduncle contains primarily (inputs/outputs) from the cerebellum, while the middle and inferior contain primarily (inputs/outputs) from the cerebellum.: outputs, inputs.
The tentorium cerebelli is a thick, durable sheath which looks much like the dura matter, and is important because it may cause damage if the brain h__________ during swelling (e.g., after accident or anoxia).: herniates
ALL output from the cerebellar cortex is carried by axons of the ___________ cells into the cerebellar white matter. This ouput is then relayed by the ___________ nuclei, and transmitted from the cerebellum by the _________ cerebellar peduncles.: purkinje; deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei, superior cerebellar
The three layers of the cerebellar cortex are the __________, ____________, and the __________________. Of these, the _______________ is by far the most numerous.: granule, purkinje, molecular. Granule cells are most numerous.
The two types of synaptic input fibers to the cerebellum are: ______________ and _________________.: mossy fibers, climbing fibers
All cerebellar axons projecting upward are (excitatory/inhibitory), while all axons projecting downward are (excitatory/inhibitory).: excitatory, inhibitory
The three major functional units of the cerebellum are the _____________, __________, and _____________.: 1) vermis & flocculonodular lobe ("medial cerebellum"); 2) intermediate hemispheres; 3) lateral hemispheres.
Multiple Choice: Cerebellar lesions are associated with (resting/intentional) tremor, in contrast to *basal ganglia* lesions which are associated with (resting/intentional) tremor: intentional (cerebellum); resting/pill-rolling (basal ganglia).
How are cerebellar and basal ganglia functions similar? (Name at least two important ways).: Possible answers: 1) smoothing motor movement, 2) involvement in higher cognitive processing, probably including attention and even reading disability, 3) some aspects of their circuitry is similar--both have a relay in the thalamus and then project to the brain (among other areas).
Name three crucial mnemonic/organizational principles for studying/understanding the cerebellum: Focus on: 1) the "prototypical disease" and its symptoms (intoxication); 2) medial-to-lateral organization; 3) similarities to basal ganglia.
Ataxia consists of two different components or aspects, _______________ and ______________________.: dysmetria, dysrhythmia
What forms the roof of the fourth ventricle?: Cerebellum B 654 last paragraph
The walls of the fourth ventricle are formed by _____________ .: cerebellar peduncles B 656 Second paragraph.
The deepest fissure of the cerebellum is called ________ and it separates the cerebellum into an _________ and ___________ lobes.: Primary, anterior, posterior. B 654 last paragraph
The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are involved in m____________ planning and __________ functioning.: motor planning, cognitive functioning.
Cerebellumâ€™s vermis are important in control of proximal ____________ coordination and ____________ coordination, among other functions.: Proximal limb and trunk coordination B 657 Table 15.1
Which cerebellar peduncle(s) carries mainly *outputs* from the cerebellum? Which cerebellar peduncle(s) carry main input?: Superior (output) versus middle and inferior (input). B 656 Second paragraph
What are the three layers of the cerebellum?: Granule cell layer, Purkinje cell layer and molecular layer. B 658
Multiple Choice: Purkinje cells are (inhibitory/excitatory).: inhibitory B 660 second paragraph
All cerebellar axons projecting upward are _____________ (inhibitory/excitatory).: excitatory. B 660 Second paragraph
Name three excitatory *fibers* (not cells) of the cerebellum.: Mossy fibers, climbing fibers, granule cell parallel fibers. B 660 Second paragraph
Name four inhibitory *cells* (not fibers) of the cerebellum.: Purkinje cells, stellate cells, basket cells, Gogli cells. B 660 Second paragraph
The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are involved in ____________ ___________ of the lateral extremities, as well as cognitive functioning.: Motor planning of the extremities (B 657, Table 15.1)
The frontal lobes are separated from the parietal lobes by the ________ ________ and from the temporal lobes by the _________ ________: central sulcus & sylvian fissure.
The frontal lobes are divided into three general surfaces: the l_________ surface, m_________ surface, and the o________ f_____ surface.: lateral, medial, and orbitalfrontal.
What area of the cortex is entirely hidden within the anterior (frontal) part of the longitudinal fissure?: The anterior cingulate gyrus.
The anterior cingulate gyrus is an important part of the _________ system, which is involved in regulating emotions and in creation of new memory, among other functions.: Limbic system.
In the frontal lobes, the motor cortex (consisting of primary motor strip, supplementary motor areas, frontal eye-fields, premotor cortex) are part of the l_______ surface, the anterior cingulate gyrus is located on the m___________ surface of the fronta: lateral, medial, ventral (or orbitofrontal) surface (B 848)
The motor cortex of the brain is located in the ___________ lobe of the brain, and consists of at least the following functional areas: the p________ m_______ strip, sup____________ m__________ area, frontal e_________ f________, and p__________ c_______: frontal lobe, and consist of primary motor strip, supplementary motor areas, frontal eye-fields, and premotor cortex. (B848).
The pyramidal tract (long nerve fibers extending from cortex, the corona radiata, internal capsule, ultimately connecting to the spinal cord) originates in what specific area of the frontal lobe?: Primary motor strip.
The largest part of the frontal lobes is the _________ cortex, which is involved in many higher-level cognitive functions: Prefrontal cortex.
The frontal lobes' cortical connections are primarily to the a____________ areas (cortex) of the rest of the brain, including cortex in the parietal, temporal, occipital lobes: Association cortex.
Probably the most important subcortical connections of the brain include the t__________ nuclei and the b_______ g_________.: Thalamus & basal ganglia.
As described by Blumenfeld, one theoretical classification of frontal lobe functions consists of three general abilities/functions: ____________ , ____________ , and __________________. (These functions are part of the general "umbrella" of &qu: Restraint (or inhibition), initiative (or drive), and order (or ability to sequence information/activities). (B 849)
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been shown to be very important in the functioning of _______ memory, which is often measured by the WAIS-III subtests _____________ and ___________: working memory, digits backward and letter-number sequencing.
Multiple Choice: Lesions on the (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/orbitofrontal cortex) are often associated with impulsive, disinhibited behavior, while lesions on the (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex/orbitofrontal cortex) are often associated with apathet: Orbitofrontal (impulsive/disinhibited), dorsolateral (apathetic).
The association cortex is divided into what two kinds of regions?: Unimodal association cortex (modalityâ€“specific) and heteromodal association cortex (higher order).
True or False: Most left-handers have language primarily in the right-hemisphere, while most right-handers have language primarily in the left-hemisphere.: False.
The nondominant hemisphere is specialized for certain specialized â€œnonverbalâ€ aspects of spoken language. Name two such â€œnonverbalâ€ linguistic functions.: prosody (tone-of-voice and inflection), â€œpragmatic languageâ€ (appreciation of implied meaning of language, such as hidden social meanings, humor, slang).
What is hemineglect syndrome, and what is by far the most common cause?: Hemineglect = neglect/lack of atttention for half of the external world as well as oneâ€™s own body. It is typically caused by lesions in the dominant (usually right) hemisphere--usually the parietal or frontal lobe. Lesions in the nondominant (usually left) hemisphere RARELY causes neglect.
Difficulty naming something is called what kind of disorder?: Anomia or Dysnomia.
Which hemisphere is more important for attentional mechanisms in most individuals?: Right Hemisphere
If the lesion is in a dominant hemisphere, in visual-spatial analysis the patient tends to understand the whole, while omitting _______________. On the other hand, if the lesion is in the non-dominant hemisphere, the patient will have p: Omitting important details, Gestalt (B:846)
Contralateral hemineglect usually occurs from lesions in ______________ and ______________ cortex.: Right parietal and frontal cortex. (B:841).
The area especially important in spatial analysis and thus involved in hemineglect syndrome is ______________.: Parietal association cortex (usually right side).
(B:840).
A person who is asked to imagine facing a particular place (e.g. cathedral on a plaza) and to recall objects around that place can only recall details on the right side. What type of neglect does this show?: Conceptual neglect. (B:846)
Sensory hemineglect may appear in a variety of different sensory modalities, including __________, __________, and _________________.: Visual, tactile, auditory.
(B:842)
Gerstmann's syndrome consists of what four clinical findings? (Aarf!): Agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, finger agnosia.
What does it mean diagnostically if not all four components of the Gerstmann's syndrome?: When fewer than all four components are present, Gerstmann symptoms have greatly reduced localizing value and can be seen in a variety of brain disorders
What is Aphemia?: It is severe apraxia of speech articulatory apparatus
Gerstmann's what syndrome consists of four clinical indicators? (Aarf!): agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, finger agnosia
What does it mean diagnostically if fewer than all four Gerstman symptoms are present?: When there are fewer than four components, the Gerstmann has greatly reduced localizing value and can be seen in a variety of brain disorders
What is apraxia, and what other disorder is it commonly associated with?: The most common form of apraxia is the inability to carry out a simple motor action in response to verbal command, such as hammering a nail, brushing teeth, using a key to open the door. This is called IDEOMOTOR apraxia. It is commonly associated with APHASIA (language-disorder)
What is the most dramatic syndrome in clinical neurology and what neuroanatomical area does it usually affect?: Hemineglect Syndrome. It is most often seen with infarcts or other acute lesions of the right PARIETAL or right FRONTAL lobes
___________ (lack of awareness of one's own illness) may be seen in patients confused by right hemineglect.: Anosognosia
A rare disorder resulting from right hemisphere lesions, characterized by patients insisting their friends or family members gave all been replaced by identical looking imposters.: Capgras syndrome
_____________'s area is involved in comprehension of speech. It's located near the ear, in the superior, posterior dominant __________ lobe.: Wernicke's area, temporal
_________'s area is involved in speech production by activating particular sequences of spoken sounds to produce words. It's located in the dominant ____________ lobe.: Broca's aphasia, frontal lobe
The arcuate fasiculus is the white matter pathway which connects ________ __________ and _________ _________, allowing them to communicate. When this pathway is interrupted, the patient exhibits a distinctive problem in ______________ spoken words, due t: Broca's area, Wernickeâ€™s areas, *repetition* of words spoken by the examiner.
Connections through the massive fiber tract called the ____________ ___________ allow the nondominant hemisphere to assist in language processing.: corpus callosum
Broca's aphasia is characterized by ____________ of spontaneous speech, subtle comprehension deficits, and often motor weakness on the __________ side of the body.: dysfluency (halting speech, typically limited to 5 words), right side.
Aphasia is classified into several different types by evaluating three key characteristics: __________, ___________, ___________: spontaneous fluency, repetition, comprehension
What deficit is present in at least mild form in ALL aphasia?: naming ("anomia", "dysnomia")
_______________is abnormal rhythm and timing of movements.: Dysrhythmia (B:672)
People with ____________ ____________ have a wide based unsteady gait that resembles the gait of a drunk person.: Truncal Ataxia (B: 673)
Patients with cerebellar regions may exhibit __________ dysmetria, in which saccades overshoot or undershoot their target.: Ocular dysmetria (B:673)
Wernicke's and Broca's areas communicate with each other through several different connections. The best known area is subcortical white matter known as the a________ f___________.: Arcuate fasciculus
True or False: Broca's and Wernicke's area are the primary areas that perform the operations involved in production and comprehension of language.: False. They are perhaps the best known and best studied, but not the only critical areas.
Common symptoms of ________ _______ are dysfluent speech, naming difficulties, difficulty repeating phrases, reading and writing are slow with grammatical difficulties, and frustration and depression. A ________-side motor weakness is another f: Broca's Aphasia, right-sided
Common symptoms of ________ ________ include impaired comprehension, empty and meaningless speech, lack of insight, paraphasic errors (errors like using the wrong words and neologisms), and angry or paranoid behavior.: Wernicke's Aphasia
True or False: Psychiatric disorders are sometimes confused with aphasia.: True. This is especially true of Wernicke's aphasia, because of the nonsensical-sounding speech, frequent lack of insight into their inability to speak, and occasional paranoia and rage.
The c________ c_________ assists in dual-hemisphere language processing. Dual-hemisphere processing is important because the non-dominant (usually right) hemisphere is important in recognition and production of the affective elements of speech,: corpus callosum, prosody, pramatic language
The prefix "dys" and the prefix "a" have slightly different meanings. Describe how their meanings differ. (For example, "dyscalculia" versus "acalculia".): "a" = complete absence,
"dys" = some disability but not complete.
"Acalculia ( or "dyscalculia") is part of the ________________ syndrome, and refers to _____________________.: Gerstmann syndrome. Difficulty with basic arithmetic functions (-, +, x, /).
"Agraphia" ( or "dysgraphia") is part of the ________________ syndrome, and refers to _____________________.: Gerstmann syndrome. Difficulty forming letters when printing or writing.
Left-right confusion is part of the ________________ syndrome and is frequently seen in dyslexia, and refers to _____________________.: Gerstmann syndrome. Reduced efficiency in identifying left and right sides of one's own or examiner's body. (More difficult if done quickly and when identifying examiner's left-right.)
F_______ a________ is part of the ________________ syndrome, and refers to _____________________.: finger agnosia (or "dysnosia"). Gerstmann syndrome. Difficulty identifying which fingers have been touched while the client is blindfolded.
Symtoms of the Gerstmann syndrome are caused by a lesion in the dominant ______________ lobe, and are located near the angular and suprmarginal gyri.: parietal lobe (specifically the area called the "inferior parietal lobule").
What gyrus of the dominant hemisphere has been especially linked to dyslexia (reading disability)?: angular gyrus.

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Number of cards 102