Nath UMT Chapter Two - Anatomical & Physiological Terminology - Word Definit
Terms
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- abdomen
- The belly, that part of the body that contains all of the structures between the chest and the pelvis. It is separated anatomically from the chest by the diaphragm, the powerful muscle spanning the body cavity below the lungs.
- pelvis
- The lower part of the abdomen located between the hip bones.
- diaphragm (thoracic)
- A shelf of muscle extending across the bottom of the ribcage. Separates the thoracic cavity (with lung and heart) from the abdominal cavity (with liver, stomach, intestines, etc.). In its relaxed state, it is shaped like a dome. It is controlled by the phrenic nerve.
- lungs
- A pair of breathing organs located with the chest which remove carbon dioxide from and bring oxygen to the blood. There is a right and left.
- stomach
- The sac-shaped digestive organ that is located in the upper abdomen, under the ribs. The upper part connects to the esophagus, and the lower part leads into the small intestine.
- Small intestine
- The part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the large intestine.
- colon
- The part of the large intestine that runs from the cecum to the rectum as a long hollow tube that serves to remove water from digested food and let the remaining material, solid waste called stool, move through it to the rectum and leave the body through the anus. .
- rectum
- The last 6 to 8 inches of the large intestine. Stores solid waste until it leaves the body through the anus.
- liver
- An organ in the upper abdomen that aids in digestion and removes waste products and worn-out cells from the blood. The largest solid organ in the body. It weighs about three and a half pounds
- spleen
- An organ located in the upper left part of the abdomen near the stomach. Produces lymphocytes; it is the largest lymphatic organ in the body. Also filters the blood, serves as a major reservoir for blood and destroys blood cells that are aged.
- pancreas
- A fish-shaped spongy grayish-pink organ about 6 inches (15 cm) long that stretches across the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach.
- kidney
- One of a pair of organs located in the right and left side of the abdomen which clear "poisons" from the blood, regulate acid concentration and maintain water balance in the body by excreting urine. Part of the urinary tract.
- appendix
- A small outpouching from the beginning of the large intestine (the ascending colon). Formally called the vermiform appendix because it was thought to be wormlike.
- gallbladder
- A pear-shaped organ just below the liver that stores the bile secreted by the liver.
- bladder
- Any pouch or other flexible enclosure that can hold liquids or gases but usually refers to the hollow organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine.
- abdominal
- Relating to the abdomen, the belly, that part of the body that contains all of the structures between the chest and the pelvis.
- anterior
- The front, as opposed to the posterior.
- brachial plexus
- A network of spinal nerves that originates in the back of the neck, extends through the axilla (armpit), and gives rise to nerves to the upper limb. It is formed by the union of portions of the fifth through eighth cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve, all of which come from the spinal cord.
- prognosis
-
1. The expected course of a disease.
2. The patient's chance of recovery.
Predicts the outcome of a disease and therefore the future for the patient. - buccal mucosa
- The inner lining of the cheeks and lips.
- Hippocrates
- Great Greek physician on the Mediterranean island of Cos, who founded a medical school there, and is regarded as the "Father of Medicine."
- Hippocratic Oath
- One of the oldest binding documents in history, the Oath written by Hippocrates is still held sacred by physicians: to treat the ill to the best of one's ability, to preserve a patient's privacy, to teach the secrets of medicine to the next generation, and so on.
- patient
- A person under health care. The person may be waiting for this care or may be receiving it or may have already received it. There is considerable lack of agreement about the precise meaning of the term.
- disease
-
Illness or sickness often characterized by typical patient problems (symptoms) and physical findings (signs).
Disruption sequence: The events that occur when a fetus that is developing normally is subjected to a destructive agent such as the rubella (German measles) virus. - calcaneus
- The calcaneus is the heel bone. It is also called the os calcis. The calcaneus is a more or less rectangular bone at the back of the foot.
- head bones
-
Head bones: There are 29 bones in the human head. They consist of 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, the hyoid bone, and 6 auditory (ear) bones.
The 8 cranial bones are the frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The 14 facial bones are the 2 maxilla, mandible, 2 zygoma, 2 lacrimal, 2 nasal, 2 turbinate, vomer and 2 palate bones.
The hyoid bone is horseshoe-shaped bone at the base of the tongue.
The 6 auditory ossicles (little bones) are the malleus, incus and stapes in each ear. - heart
- The muscle that pumps blood received from veins into arteries throughout the body. It is positioned in the chest behind the sternum (breastbone; in front of the trachea, esophagus, and aorta; and above the diaphragm muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities.
- neck
- The part of the body joining the head to the shoulders. Also, any narrow or constricted part of a bone or organ that joins its parts.
- cervix
- The lower, narrow part of the uterus (womb).
- cell
- The basic structural and functional unit in people and all living things. Each is a small container of chemicals and water wrapped in a membrane.
- membrane
- A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface.
- genome
- All of the genetic information, the entire genetic complement, all of the hereditary material possessed by an organism.
- skull
- A collection of bones which encase the brain and give form to the head and face.
- cranium
- The upper portion of the skull, which protects the brain.
- chest
- The area of the body located between the neck and the abdomen. Contains the lungs, the heart and part of the aorta.
- thorax
- The area of the body located between the neck and the abdomen that contains the lungs, the heart and part of the aorta.
- embryo
- The organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation from fertilization to, in humans, the beginning of the third month of pregnancy. After that point in time, it is termed a fetus.
- etiology
- The study of the causes. For example, of a disorder.
- tissue
- A broad term that is applied to any group of cells that perform specific functions.
- Histology
- The study of the form of structures seen under the microscope. Also called microscopic anatomy, as opposed to gross anatomy which involves structures that can be observed with the naked eye.