OCADScience-control systems sect3
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- who was the greek person who wrongly thought the nerves orginated in and controlled the heart?
- aristotle
- the word- nerve means what in greek?
- Tendon
- 600 yrs after aristotle's mistake, who corrected him-saying the nerves is connected to the brain.
- galen
- although he made some correct assumptions on nerves, his theory was flawed because he beleived that nerves carried animal spirits.
- galen
- functions as a network for communication
- human nervous sys
- regulating center of the nervous system, regulates our organs and coordinates all our activites except for the reflex arc
- brain
- obtians sensory info and give info to nervous system which then make adjustments.
- sense organs- for ex: eye
- human brain contains 100 billion______
- neurons
- neurons conduct electrochemical impulses called?
- nerve impulses, nerve action
- neuronal cell body looks like a ...
- somatic cell....with nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus.
- neurons that conduct sensory info to spinal cord and brain
- sensory neurons
- neurons that conduct instructions from the brain and spinal cord to stimulate the contraction or relaxation of muscles and to initiate activity in glands.
- motor neurons
- connecting neurons: shuttle signals back and fouth through complex pathways betweeen the brain, spinal cord and other parts of the body.
- interneurons
- support cells that unlike neurons are capable of cell division throughout adulthood
- neuroglia
- neuroglia
- glial cells
- PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- PNS
- star shaped cells- most abundant type of neruogalial cells. it provides nourishment for the neurons
- astrocytes
- spiderlike cells - which in normal brians are small support cells. in damaged brains become phagocytic ( engulf dead cells)
- microglia
- epithelial cells - form sheets line cavitites produce cerebrospinal fluid and cilited to help distribute this fluid.
- ependymal cells
- teardrop and produce and fatty myelin sheath that surrounds and protects the nerve fibers in CNS
- oligodendrocytes
- special support cells found in PNS where they protect and insulate nerve fibers by enveloping them.
- schwann cells
- white matter
- myelinated
- gray matter
- nonmyelinated
- consist of a series of neurons conducting impulses from a receptor in a sense organ to the spinal cord and then to an effector
- relex arc
- gland or muscle
- effector
- What does a nerve consist of?
- Group of fibers (axons & tendrites) and their connective tissue
- What are peripheral nerves that originate from the brain called?
- cranial nerves
- What do spinal nerves contain
- fibers of sensory and motor neurons. These nerves do not contain cell bodies)
- Where are cell bodies located in
- ganglion (sensory) or in gray matter (motor)
- What is a ganglion?
- a collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS
- What is a tract?
- a group of fibers located in the CNS
- What do spinal tracts do?
- they carry info up and down the spinal card toward or awawy from the brain
- What are tracts apart of?
- Tracts are always part of white matter, an area of myelinated fiber tracts.
- What does ancient literature say concerning the brain
- brain is an organ that acts as a cooling agent for the heart and respository for animal spirits
- Who first correctly described the brain as the origin of mental activity?
- Galen
- How did Willis stimulate the brain in the seventeenth century, budding the field of neurology?
- He injected the brain with India ink
- How much does the adult brain weigh?
- three pounds
- What are the four major parts of the brian?
- cerebrum, cerebellu,. diencelphalon, and brainstem
- What is the largest and most prominent part of the brain?
- cerebrum
- What is on the outer surface of the cerebrum?
- six cell-layers thick or half an inch deep of gray matter
- wHAT IS THE GRAY MATTER OUTER SURFACE OF THE CEREBRTUM KNOWN AS?
- THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
- What is the cortex known as?
- the seat of intelligence
- relexes can be both involuntary and voluntary?
- true
- nodes of ranvier are?
- gaps between adjacent schwann cells
- wat is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
- neruomuscular junction
- synapse between a neuron and a glandular cell
- neuroglandular junction
- transmitting cell
- presynaptic neruon
- What happens to the cerebal cortex during embryonic development?
- Large folds occur called gyri, and grooves between the gyri are either fissures (deep) or sulci (shallow)
- What do projection tracts do?
- Extend from motor and sensory tracts
- What do association tracts do?
- extend from one convolution to another convulition in the same hemisphere or to a corresponding convolution in the other hemisphere
- Where do sensory tracts travel?
- up from the spinal cord
- Where do motor tracts travel?
- down from the brain
- How are the cerebral hemispheres divided by the sulci and fissures?
- into 4 hemispheres
- What are the 4 lobes?
- frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
- Where is the frontal lobe located?
- beneath the forehead
- What is the frontal lobe concerned with?
- higher intellectual functions - abstract thought, speech, olfaction, & emotion
- Where is the primary somatic motor area?
- precentral gyrus
- What does the primary somatic sensory area provide?
- sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and propioception
- What is propioception
- (body position)
- Where is the temporal lobe located?
- on each side of the brain
- What are the tempora lobes involved with
- emotional development and formation... and the auditory area, FORMATION AND PROCESSING OF MEMORIES