Ch 8
Terms
undefined, object
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- liber libera liberum
- free
- miser, misera , miserum
- wretched unfortunate poor
- noster, nostra, nostrum
- our, ours
- pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
- beautiful, noble fine
- sacer, sacra, sacrum
- sacred, holy
- vester, vestra, vestrum
- your yours (when speaking to more than one person)
- ante (prep with acc)
- before, in front of
- contra (prep with acc)
- against
- inter (prep with acc)
- between, among
- ob ( prep with acc)
- because of, on account of
- per ( prep with the accusative)
- through
- post (prep with the acc)
- after behind
- propter (prep with acc)
- because of, on account of
- trans (prep with the acc)
- across over
-
______- is A society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior.
- culture
-
Every ______ is:
learned
shared
based on symbols
integrated
dynamic
- culture
- Culture is _________.
- learned
- Everyone learns their culture through the process of ____________.
- enculturation
-
_______ behavior is exhibited in some degree by most mammals.
- learned
-
what is the process by which a society’s culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society.
- enculturation
-
In all cultures there is some difference between ______ roles.
- gender
-
Anthropologists use the term ______ to refer to the meanings cultures assign to the biological differences between men and women.
- gender
-
________ is an organized group or groups of interdependent people who share a common territory, language, and culture and who act together for collective survival and well-being.
- society
- Anthropologists distinguish between ___ and gender, and between gender roles and gender __________.
- sex, ideology
- what refers to inherited, biological differences between males and females?
- sex
-
what refers to culturally constructed ideas about sex differences?
- gender
- Some societies recognize men who live as women or women who live as men as a _______ ______.
- third gender
-
In some Plains Indian tribes, ______ were men who chose to live as women, performing women’s roles.
- berdaches
-
what refers to the different participation of males and females in the social, economic, political, and religious institutions of a cultural group (describes culturally appropriate behavior for men and women)?
- Gender role
-
what refers to the culturally specific meaning assigned to “male,†“female,†“sex,†and “reproduction"?
- Gender ideology
-
________ is a perspective that focuses on what men do in a society, to the exclusion of women.
- Androcentric
- _______ is A set of standards and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates
- subculture
- _____ _____ are people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct group based on cultural features such as shared ancestry and common origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs
- ethnic group
-
______ is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group.
- ethnicity
- The term Ethnicity, was rooted in the Greek word _____ (“nationâ€) and related to _______ (“customâ€),
-
ethnikos
ethnos -
what is a society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural differences?
- pluralistic society
-
what are signs, sounds, gestures, and other things that are arbitrarily linked to something else and represent it in a meaningful way?
- symbols
-
The most important symbolic aspect of culture is _______.
- language
- _______ uses words to represent objects and ideas
- language
-
Through ________, humans transmit culture from one generation to another.
- language
- Anthropologists customarily imagine a _______ as a well-structured system made up of distinctive parts that function together as an organized whole
- culture
- ________ is the worldview: the perception of the self, society, and world around us.
- superstructure
- _________ is the social organization: The patterned social arrangements of individuals within a society.
- social structure
- __________ is the economic base: the mode of subsistence.
- infrastructure
-
Rule-governed relationships that hold members of a society together, with all their rights and obligations. what is this?
- social structure
-
Households, families, associations, and power relations, including politics, are all part of social structure. what are these a part of?
- social structure
-
It establishes group cohesion and enables people to consistently satisfy their basic needs, including food. what does this?
- social structure
-
The economic foundation of a society, including its subsistence practices, and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living. what is this?
- infrastructure
-
A society’s shared sense of identity and worldview. what is this?
- superstructure
-
The collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which a group of people makes sense of the world—its shape, challenges, and opportunities—and their place in it. what has these?
- superstructure
-
Cultures are ________ systems that respond to motions and actions within and around them.
- dynamic
- To _______, a culture must be flexible enough to allow adjustments in the face of unstable or changing circumstances
- function
-
When a culture is too rigid and fails to provide its members with the means required for long-term survival under _______ conditions, it is not likely to endure.
- changing
-
what are complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enables people to survive and even thrive in their environment?
- cultural adaptations
-
However, what is _________ in one context may be maladaptive in another.
- adaptive
-
________ _______ takes place in response to population growth, technological innovation, environmental crisis, intrusion of outsiders, or modification of values and behavior within the culture.
- Culture change
-
Although cultures must ________ to adapt to new circumstances, sometimes the consequences of change are ______ for a society.
-
change
disastrous -
_______ is the belief that one’s own culture is superior to all others.
- ethnocentrism
-
To avoid making ethnocentric judgments, anthropologists adopt the approach of _______ _________.
- cultural relativism
- _________ _______ requires that each culture be examined in its own terms, according to its own standards.
- cultural relativism