Pre-AP Chemistry Final - #1st Semester
Terms
undefined, object
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- Matter
- anything that exhibits the property of inertia
- Inertia
- the tendency of an object to resist and change in its velocity
- Energy
- a property of matter that can be converted to work under the proper circumstances
- Potential Energy
- the energy of an object due to its position
- Kinetic Energy
- the energy of an object due to its motion
- Radiant Energy
- energy being transferred between objects by electromagnetic waves
- Law of Conservation of Mass
- mass is conserved in all nonnuclear changes; it cannot be created or destroyed
- Law of Conservation of Energy
- energy is conserved in all nonnuclear changes; it cannot be created or destroyed
- Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy
- although they can be interconverted, the total amount of mass and energy in the universe is constant
- Intermediate
- the material that is produced from raw materials and processed further to produce some consumer products
- Model
- an arrangement analogous to, and useful for, understanding a system in nature, but existing only in one's mind
- Chemistry
- the study of the structure and properties of matter
- Formula for potential energy?
- Ep = mgh
- Formula for kinetic energy?
- Ek = 1/2 mv^2
- Quantitative
- concrning the amounts of matter present
- Qualitative
- describing something without a unit of measurement
- Length?
- meter - m
- Mass?
- kilgram - kg
- Time?
- second - s
- Electric Current?
- amper - A
- Temperature?
- kelving - k
- mega - M?
- million
- kilo - k?
- thousand
- deci - d?
- tenth
- centi - c?
- hundreth
- milli - m?
- thousand
- micro - u?
- millionth
- nano - n?
- billionth
- pico - p?
- trillionth
- Mass
- a measurement of the quantity of matter
- Weight
- a measure of the force of gravity between two objects
- A balance measures what?
- mass
- A scale measures what?
- weight
- Precision
- closeness of a quantity of numbers (hitting the top of the target consistantly)
- Accuracy
- Closeness to the true value or what your aiming for (hitting the bulls-eye)
- homogeneous
- uniform throughout
- heterogeneous
- composed of more than one phase
- phases of matter
- a physically distinct section of matter with uniform properties set off from the furrounding matter y physical boundaries
- physical change
-
a change in which the same substance is present gefore and after
*(ex. pounding copper, cutting wood, tearing paper, dissolving sugar in water, pouring liquid from one container to another, melting, boiling) - chemical change
-
a rearrangement of atoms and/or molecules to produce one or more new substances with new properties
*(ex. copper in acid, sodium and chlorine = table salt, burning, digestion, fermenting, precipitate, gas, color change, energy change, decomposing - Demociritus (400 BC)
-
*greek philosopher, *thought "world was made of two things - empty space and atoms.
*diff. kinds of atom for every matter on Earth" - Aristotle
-
*world made of continuous paticles, hyle.
*accepted unitl 17th century - Newton and Boyle
- *published articles stating belief without and proof
- Lavoisier (french)
-
*studied by Dalton
*law of conservation of mass - Proust (french)
-
*studied by Dalton
*law of definite proportions - Dalton's Theory of Matter?
-
*matter composed of atoms (cannot be broken down)
*element atoms are exact vs. diff. atom elements diff.
*atoms can combine in simple atios forming compounds - Z number =s?
- number of protons in the nucleus
- atomic number?
- number of protons and electrons
- Aufball's Principal?
- electron's fill the lowest energy levels first
- Hund's Rule?
- electrons are placed equally in each orbital spin
- Pauli Exclusion Principal?
- No two electrons have the same electron number
- Heisenburg's Uncertainty Principle?
- the location and speed of an electron are impossible to know at the same time
- Quantum Numbers?
-
n =size of orbit
biger # larger orbital
l = shape of orbital
sherical = 0; polar = 1; clover leaf = 2
m = location of orbital
s = spin of orbital
+1/2 or -1/2 - molecular formula?
- a formula indicating the actual number of atoms of each element making up a molecule
- atom?
- the smallest particle of an element
- molecule?
- a neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
- formula unit?
- the amount of a substance represented by its formula
- polyatomic ions?
- a group of atoms covalently bonded but possessing an overall charge.
- Formula Mass?
- the sum of the atomic masses of the matoms in a formula
- mole?
- the Avogadro constant number of objects
- Avagadro's Number?
- the number of objects in a mole; 6.022 x 10^23
- Formula mass is measured in what?
- grams
- Atomic mass is measured in what?
- grams
- A mole is equal to what?
- (L = dm^3 = g) 22.4 L
- Percentage Composition
- the mass of an element in a compound divided by the mass of the compound
- Molarity
- a unit of concentration equal to the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solution (M=moles of solute/volume solution dm^3)
- Five types of chemical reactions?
- Synthesis, Decomposition, Single displacement, Double displacement, Combustion
- (cr)
- solid or crystalin
- (aq)
- dissolves into water
- (g)
- gas
- (L)
- liquid
- Percent Yeild
- (acutal amount/theoretical amout) x 100
- Atomic Radius generally . . .
- Decreases towards the top right corner
- Ionic Radius generally . . .
- Decreases across metals, then shoots up at the nonmetals and increases as you go downward
- Ionization Energy generally . . .
- Increases towards the top right hand corner
- Electron Affinity generally . . .
- Increases towards the top right hand corner.
- Sigma bond is what?
- a single bond or the first bond of a double bond
- Pie bond is what?
- a double bond or the second bond of a double bond