History 101 Final Terms and Dates
Terms
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- -1337 to 1453 -between England and France -lasted 116 years -French were victorious after many periods of peace and war
- Hundred Years War
- -led England to victory in Battle of Agincourt -was close to uniting France and England under his rule but his successors screwed thing up - ruled from ____ to _____
- Henry V; 1413 1422
- -major battle during the Hundred Years War -took place in ____ -English are victorious over French
- Battle at Agincourt; 1415
- -maid of Orleans claiming to be under the control of spiritual voices of saints -these voices led her to fight in battle against the English to crown the dauphin in Reims in _____
- Joan of Arc; 1429
- -claim to kingship -term referring to the successor to the throne of France
- dauphin
- -dauphin who couldn\'t be crowned because the English held control of Reims -was eventually crowned king through the endeavors of Joan of Arc -legitimacy was questioned
- Charles VII
- -papacy moved here between _________ -Babylonians captured this papacy -long residence of popes here -papacy away from Rome
- Avignon Papacy; 1309-1377
- -also called Bubonic Plague -nature of the disease was debated -1/3 of the population was wiped out -came from China on a ship -led to economic decline
- Black Death
- -split within the Roman Catholic Church -new pope elected -french retreat to Avignon to elect their own pope -now 2 popes -Spaniard claims to be pope -conflict resolved at Council of Constance -all 3 resigned and new pope is elected
- Great Western Schism (1378)
- -fall of the Byzantine Empire -captured by the Ottoman Empire
- Fall of Constantinople 1453
- 5 Events after 1300
- 1) Black Death 2) Hundred Years War 3) Avignon Papacy 4) Great Western Schism 5) Fall of Constantinople
- -empire controlling much of the middle east beginning in the 14th century and keeping control up until WWI
- Ottoman Emprire
- -tenth and longest reining sultan of the Ottoman Empire -was well known for political and economic power -under his rule Ottoman fleets dominated the seas
- Suleiman the Maginificent (1520-1566)
- -battle won by Ottoman Turks in present day Hungary
- Battle Mohacs
- the most high, absolute, and perpetual power over the citizens and subjects in a commonwealth
- sovereignty
- -wrote the six books of the republic in ______ -developed term \"sovereignty\"
- Jean Bodin; 1576
- -representative body -king went to _____for money
- estates
- -France\'s first Renaissance monarch -alliance with Suleiman the Great -promotes centralization of political authority - from the house of Valois
- Francis I of France (1515-1547)
- -first monarch of the Tudor dynasty -restored power and stability to England and War of Roses
- Henry VII (1485-1509)
- -was well known for his break with the catholic church and formation of the anglican church -had many wives -was originally married to Catherine of Aragon
- Henry VIII (1509 to 1547)
- -king and queen of spain -brought aragon and Castille together -last muslim kingdom (Granada) was defeated under them
- -Ferdinand and Isabella (1479-1516) Isabella dies in 1504
- -king of Spain -also Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V -heir to three different royal families (Hapsburg, Valois, Trastamara) -had a large span of land that he controlled
- Charles I or V
- -3 fold increase in prices across the board in the span of a century -high rate of inflation across Western Europe
- Price Revolution
- -humanist -wrote a book on the relief of the poor (On the Subvention of the Poor)
- Juan Louis Vives (1526)
- -port city Beligium that was a center of commerce and trans shipment -experienced strong urbanization
- Antwerp
- currency of florence
- florum
- coin of the republic of Venice
- Ducat
- -1st bank of Europe -created by _____ family in the 14th century
- Medici Bank
- -allowed you to exchange currencies in order to do business
- bill of exchange
- -going out and selling your goods -peasants buy/rent your goods and produce in the home -paid by how much they produce
- domestic or putting out system
- -first man to sail around the world from _______ -he really didn\'t sail around the world because he died in the Philippines -proved that the world was round -brought back spices and sold them for 10,000 times more than he paid for them
- Ferdinand Magellan;1519-1522
- -brother of Portuguese king -established research institute in early 15th century (1460)
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- 1st person to sail directly from Europe to India in______
- Vasco de Gama; 1498
- -Indian port city controlled by Portuguese -established by Vasco de Gama
- Goa
- -Vasco de Gama pushes control into this city -in present day singapore
- Malacca
- -fortified trading post -Portuguese were more interested in establishing these as opposed to colonization
- factory
- -origninally wanted to sail to India but ended up in the Americas -thought Native Americans were Japanese -sparked Spanish interest in conquest
- Christopher Columbus
- -city established by Columbus in Hispaniola -oldest European city in America
- Santo Domingo
- -well known conquistador who conqueroed the Aztecs in Tenotichlan (present day Mexico City) in _____
- Hernando Cortes; 1521
- -dominate central america -spanish nobleman -wanted to export feudalism
- Conquistadors 1520-1550
- -conquistador who conquered the Incas in Central America
- Francisco Pizarro (1533)
- -pursuit of passage through or around America -non existent
- Northwest Passage
- -Italian explorer in service of the French crown -was the first to pass into New York through the Hudson River -also explored the coast of New England
- Giovanni da Verrazzano
- -Bolivian city -important silver mining city under Spanish Colonial rule
- Potosi
- -worked for improvement in treatment of Native Americans -wanted to developed the \"ideal\" Indian community - that didn\'t work out so well so he returned to Spain to lobby for Native American rights until his death -period in which he attempted to m
- Bartolomeo de las Casas; 1516-1522
- royal official who runs a country or province in the name of and as a representative of a monarch
- vice royalty
- -main sites of Spanish government in the New World
- Mexico City and Lima
- -Italian poet and scholar -"father of humanism" -personally discovered a collection of Cicero's letters previously unknown in _____
- Petrarch; 1345
- -phrase used to capture the spirit of the Renaissance
- \"the discovery of man and the world\"
- -principle intellectual course of the Renaissance
- humanism
- 3 characteristics of humanism
- 1) enthusiastic scholarly study 2) educational humanism 3) greater historical consciousness
- -\"Prince of Humanists\" -most famous work \"Praise of Folly\" in _____ -\"crowning glory for Christian Humanists\"
- Erasmus of Robberdam; 1512
- -invented moveable type -also developed the printing press in _______
- Johannes Gutenberg;1439
- -vesion of the vulgate printed by Gutenberg
- Gutenberg Bible
- -means cradle -refers to the infancy stage of printing
- Incunabula
- -style of art popular during the early Renaissance -reigning style up until the 14th century -more depth to figures, more 3D -more exciting natural backgrounds -halo of remnant of gold backgrounds of older style
- naturalism
- -Italian painter and architect from Florence -considered to be first in a line of great artists contributing to the Italian Renaissance
- Giotto di Bordone
- -Florintine painter -very naturalistic in style -one of the first to use a scientific perspective in his paintings
- Masaccio
- -wasn\'t very popular -unnatural aspects of the body e.g. freakishly long arms and necks -Florentine painter
- Sandro Botticelli (1440-1510)
- -painting depicting the cycle of life of Saint Peter -describes a scene from the Gospel of Matthew -considered to be Masaccio\'s greatest work
- \"The Tribute Money\"
- -painting of spring by Botticelli -typical in Renaissance style
- \"Primavera\" (1482)
- -one of the 3 most well known artists of the Renaissance - painted the ceiling of the Sistine chapel in ______ -sculptor as well
- Michaelangelo (1475-1564); 1508-1512
- -painted by Rafael for the popes private quarters -meant to bring out harmony between the ancient classical world and the Christian Renaissance World -Plato and Aristotle at center
- "School of Athens" (1510)
- -was 1 of the 3 most well known artist of the Renaissance -loves those reds
- Raphael (1483 to 1520)
- -branch of Christianity developed by Martin Luther
- Lutherans
- -also referred to as \"Reformed\" -began in Geneva Switzerland by John Calvin -stressed the absolute sovereignty of God -had 3 other forms -
- Calvinism
- -term used to describe French Calvinists
- French Huguenots
- branch of Calvinism referring to the Scottish Protestants
- Presbyterians
- -another branch of Calvinism that didn\'t appear on the scene until after 1560 -wanted to \"purify\" the Anglican Church -spread into the Netherlands and eventually to America
- Puritans
- -Church of England -created by Henry VIII in his break from the Catholic Church -called Episcopalians in America
- Anglican Church
- -\"second baptism\" -separated themselves from politics and the state
- Anabaptists
- -also referred to as the Catholic Reform -Catholics say they were already in the process of reforming but the Reformation interrupted this process -Ecumenical Movement (attempt to unite all Christians)
- Counter Reformation
- -16th century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church -major reform council embodying counter reformation ideals
- Council of Trent (1545-1563)
- -catholic religious order called the Society of Jesus -set strong examples of Catholic renewal during the Counter Reformation -one of the most effective new Catholic orders during the Counter Reformation
- Jesuits
- -destruction of the cosmos, the Greek notion for the universe -considerations based on its replacement by vision of the world as bodies or particles in motion moving through space according to mathematical laws
- Scientific Revolution (1543 - 1687)
- -developed the Greek vision of the universe (4th century bce) geocentric universe with earth in middle and planets revolving around the earth division of terrestrial and celestial spheres
- Aristotle
- -believed that the deferent revolves in a perfect circle around the earth, while the epicycle revolves around the deferent
- Ptolemy (2nd century ad)
- -believed that the sun should be placed in the center of the universe -earth rotates on its axis daily and revolves around the sun annually
- Coppernicus (1473-1543)
- -developed three laws of planetary motion
- Johannes Keplar
- -first person to look at the earth through the telescope -advocates Capernicanism -law of inertia -law of falling bodies \"the starry messenger\" -1610
- Galileo 1564- 1642
- -series of events concerning the conflict between Galileo and the Catholic Church concerning Galileo\'s support of Copernican ideas
- Galileo affair
- -published \"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy\" (1687) -put everything together, Keplar\'s Laws of Planetary Motion, Galileo\'s laws of terrestrial motion and the universal laws of gravity
- Issac Newton
- - council held from _____ to ______ -this council settled the Great Western Schism by forcing the 3 popes to resign and elected a new one
- Council of Constance; 1414-1418