CH 20

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Extensive migration in the East African lake region and Keny highlands was due to: drought conditions that persisted from the late 16th century through most of the 17th century.
What European country conquered the East African port cities?: Portugal
The rising status of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire led to a refinement of their role in society. Status gains included all except: they were allowed to marry and engage in business
In Iran, the mandated conversion to Shi'ism was: proclaimed by Ismail. As part of the transformation they revered the family of Muhammad's son in-law Ali.
Islamic law: permitted a wife to retain her property after marriage
Janissary: Christian prisoner's of war induced to serve as military slaves. It gave the Ottoman Empire great military flexibility.
Describe in detail the major similarities between the Safavid and Mughal Empires, particularly the cultural effects of Islam: Both had a religious government based on Islam that had to deal with the presence of other religions. Safavid had Christians while the Mughals had Hindus. The Muslims of both countries had to travel to the Mecca which was controlled by the Ottoman empire for their pilgrimage.
The askeri class in the Ottoman Empire was the: military and bureaucratic
As ___ grew into a cosmopolitan trade port, it became symbolic of the Ottoman Empire's weakness in administrative control.: Istanbul
The nomadic qizilbash were so named because they: had distinct red turbans
Islam effectively countered the aggressive Christianity of Europeans, particularly: against the Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch as well as in northern Sumatra.
Using map 20.1, show the three Muslim states of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. List the similarities and differences between these states. Did these three states make a united Islamic world, or were there conflicts within it?: See pg 580 for the map. They were not united. Safavid Empire in Iran and Mughal Empire in India. Ottomon Empire comprised several areas in the Middle East. Safavid Empire and Ottomon empires were very Muslim while the Mughal period aloud for a little more mixed religious situations. Ottomon Empire was the most powerful. Safavid and Mughal empires used land grants as a means to pay bureaucrats and soldiers while the Ottomans used the Janissaies.
The martyrdom of Imam Husayn is remembered in the Shi'ite community with: preachers reciting woeful tales; chanting, weeping, self flagellation in streets by believers.
Which European city did the Ottomans try and fail to conquer in 1529 and 1683?: Vienna
Tulip Period: Period between 1718 and 1730 when a "craze" for high-priced tulip bulbs swept the ruling Ottoman circles. European clothing, furniture, etc also became very popular.
After defeating the Portuguese, the Dutch acquired what valuable colony?: Malacca
Explain the economic and military crisis that led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire.: Military: Inflation from cheap silver from New World drove prices up in Ottoman empire. Landholding cavalryman unable to report for military service, government reduced cavalryman but increased Janissary. Disposed cavalryman, short term soldiers, and overburdened peasants lead revolts from 1590-1610. Economic: Ottomans didn't control trade at port of Izmir, which gave Europeans a strong commercial network in W. Anatolia, Balkans, and Mediterranean coast.
Suleiman the Magnificent: Known to his subjects as Suleiman Kanuni ("the Lawgiver"). He commanded the greatest Ottoman assault against European enemies. He conquered Belgrade in 1521, expelled the Knights of the Hospital of St. John from the island of Rhodes, and then laid siege to Vienna in 1529.
The chief source of Ottoman inflation in the sixteenth century was: silver from the Europeans
One of the most significant stimuli for European expansion into Southeast Asia in the seventeenth century was: missionary work? see pg 598
The Sikh guru Nanak drew on what imagery in his teachings?: both muslim and hindu teachings
The Mughal Empire is distinguished from the Ottomans and Safavids mostly because it was: governed by social harmony and not just a want for more territory and revenue
Using Map 20.1 as well as the text, identify the borders of the Ottoman Empire in 1520 and 1566. Did the Ottoman Empre and Europe coexist as friendly neighbors or as competitors? In what ways did they contact each other? What kinds of cultural exchanges and confrontations occurred?: They were not friendly, several conflicts. The architecture of Constantinople influence the neighboring Ottoman empire. There was a flow of Muslim education into Italy after the fall of Constantinople.
Extensive Islamic expansion into East Africa and Southeast Asia occurred: during the same time of rapid European expansion.
devshirme: "Selection." Imposed a regular levy on male children in Christian villages, mainly in the Balkens and occasionally elsewhere. Devshirme children were placed with Turkish families to learn the language before commencing in military training.
Safavid Empire: An empire in Iran which initially supported its calvary by way of land grants. The empire was very focused on land power. Chieftains, scholars, and notables served as intermediaries between the government and the people.
Following a familiar principle in empires, the Ottomans made sure to appeal to the military with: their exemption from paying taxes. (pg 583)
What surprising military similarity did the Mughals have with the Safavids?: they had no navy and merchant ships were privately owned
Using map 20.1 as well as the text, identify the territories of the Safavid and Mughal Empires. Why is it surprising that neither had a navy, and what did the lack of a maritime presence mean for them politically, economically, and militarily?: They both had a larger coastal regions. They focused on land power which worked until land got short and expensive. Not having a maritime presence precluded them form participating in maritime trade that was making much of the world (mostly Europe) wealthy. It also limited their ability to expand.
Iran became most closely associated with the manufacture of which item?: silk fabrics and deep pile carpet
Which of the following is not a reason for the decline of the Mughals under Aurangzeb?: possible reasons for the decline: land-grant system, failure to integrate new territories in southern india, and strong regional powers challenged Mughal military supremacy.
Which of the following is not one way that the Sikh "army of the pure" signaled their faith?: they signaled their faith by not cutting their hair (covered by turban), carrying a comb, a steel bracelet, a sword or dagger, and wore military style breeches. Dirty Sand ******s.
What three factors were responsible for the expansion of the Ottoman Empire beginning around 1300? Explain your answer in detail.: 1. the shrewdness of its founder Osman( from which the name Ottoman comes) and his dexcendants. 2.control of a strategic link between Europe and Asia at Gallipoli on the Dardanelles strait 3. the creation of an army that took advantage of the traditional skills of the Turkish cavalryman and new military possibilities presented by gunpowder and Christian prisoners of war See page 578
Ottoman Empire: The most long-lived of the post-Mongol Muslim empires. Grew from small empire in 1300 to encompass most of southeastern Europe by the late 15th century.
Why did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires decline simultaneously?: They faced same challenges. 1. complex changes in the military technology and in the world economy, 2. increasing difficulty of basing an extensive land empire on military forces paid through land grants.
What new product traded from Arabian port of Mocha became the rage in the fifteenth century?: coffee
According to the fatwas of Ebu's-Su'ud, what substance was considered reprehensible and illicit by the Shari'a?: coffee
Shiite Islam: Muslims of the Islam branch that believed God's leadership line was a descendant of Muhammad's son in law, Ali. Ismail, the Shah of Iran, declared his people to practice this religion in 1502.
"Capitulations" that were beneficial to Europeans were: long-standing trade agreements with the Sultans and they were taxed little over 3%
With the fragmentation of Mughal political order, who became president of an independent European stronghold on India's east coast?: Joseph Fancois Dupleix, pag. 597
Mughal is Persian for: Mongol
Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish, while the Ottoman sultan Selim I wrote poetry in: persian
What was the primary feature that distinguished the Mughal Empire from the Ottomans and Safavids? Explain your answer in detail.: Mughal's were very tolerable of other peoples, for example, Akbar created the "Divine Faith" which incorporated Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Sikh, and Christian beliefs. The Ottoman's and Safavids focused mostly were Muslim based; strong Islamic culture (Shiite or Sunni) .
Sikhism: started in the Punjab region of northwest India; religion founded by guru Nanak. Stressed meditation as a means of seeking enlightenment and drew upon both Muslim and Hindu imagery. Followers formed a single religion without caste. Sikh warriors mounted resistance against Mughal rule when Mughal emperor beheaded ninth guru in 1675 ("army of the pure").
Akbar: Grandson of Babur. Expanded rule over India (except southern tip) and granted land revenues (mansabs; see below).
In governing his "flock" or reaya, the sultan saw himself as: providing justice
Use Map 20.2 as well as the text to describe the spread of Islam in the Indian Ocean and East Africa. Did the impetus for the expansion of Eslam to these areas come from Arabia, Iran, or India?: The spread of islam was mainly due to the port of Cambay in India from the 14th century. Fist was in port cities and royal curts and spead inland slowly.
In 1453, the Ottoman aries attacked Constantinople and brought an end to: the rule of Byzantine empire and made ottomans seem invincible see page 581
In the Muslim world,Which of the following was not a factor in the decline of Safavid rule?: there are sand ******s.factors that did apply: unproductive manufacturing, no technological advances under their rule, lands divided among many nomad chiefs, difficulty finding money to pay troops, inflation from cheap silver, no navy
Mughal Empire: Muslim state founded by Babur (a descendant of Timur), which extended over India. Experienced prosperity, peace, and little outside threats under Akbar's rule. For a while was an example of religious harmony between Muslim and Hindu religions.
The history of the "Hidden Imam" set a tradition in Iran for the ulama: ... to enhance a self image as independent of imperial authority and to slow the trend of religious scholars to become subordinate government functionaries.
Why did the trade empires in the Indian Ocean region succeed while th Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires declined?: trade empires, that being european, had improved ship designs, navigation accuracy, cannons, and joint stock companies.
The devshirme system involved: boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries
How did the Patrona Halil rebellion show "decay at the center" yet spell "benefit elsewhere"?: the rebellion showed that the Ottomans had difficulty controlling their own government. The benefit of this weakness allowed regions within the ottoman empire to change their economy to be more like europe's.
The Mughal Empire was quite prosperous in the sixteenth century because it: thrived on a cotton based economy with an efficient administration
Hidden Imam: Gone missing, the last of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son in law Ali. Considered by Shiites to return as a messiah.
The longest-lasting post-Mongol Muslim empire was the: The ottoman Empire see page 578
A significant imbalance in the Ottoman military occurred because: the sultan down sized cavalrymen and increased janissaries. page 586
mansabs: Land revenues granted by Akbar to military officers and government officials. These grants were given on conditions that the grantees would provide Akbar with some service. The governemnt kept careful track of these land grants.
Shah Abbas I: declared Isfahan to be Iran's capital in 1589; was called "the Great"; a shah the Safavid Empire
Out of the struggle for power in Iran emerged a chief of Kurdish, Iranian, and Greek ancestry named: Ismail, pg. 589
The founder of the Mughal Empire was: Babur, descendant of Timur
Iranian scholars and writers: normally read Arabic and Persian, and sprinkled their writings with Arabic phrases. They preferred more elaborate and difficult-to-read forms of the Arabic sript.
Rajputs: Hindu warriors from northern India. Comprised about 15% of the mansabdars (officials holding land grants).
Using map 20.2, explain why Spain had such a strong colonial presence in Southeast Asia, compared to Portugal in Africa.: Because of the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, Spanish were forced to g to lands west of the mid- atlantic ocean. Therefore, they went to the Philippines.
Which of the following was not part ofAkbar's policy of religious reconciliation between Muslims and Hindus?: pg 596---Akbar DID marry a hindu lady, and wanted to form ties with the Hindu and Muslim religion. He did this by rescinding the head tax muslim rulers levied on non muslims. He also created a new "Divine Faith" combining several religions into one (that didn't last long after he died). He also made himself the leal court of last resort because he was God's "infallable earthly representive", and ruled that in legal disputes between two hindus, decisions made accoridng to village customs. Muslims followed Shari'a law.
Swahili: A language that resulted from the Bantu language mixed with Portuguese, Persian, and Arabic loanwords.
Although European accounts discussed the custom of women wearing veils,: paintings indicate that ordinary female garb consisted of a long, ample dress w/ scarf or shawl pulled over forehead to conceal the hair
One difference between the Ottoman and Iranian states was that the Iranian state was based on: the monopoly on silk
Compare and contrast the culture and society of the two important muslim cities, istanbul and isfahan.: Istanbul: A lot of European merchants, women seldom appeared in public; a great seaport; housed many non muslims (more of a cosmopolitan);
The Ottomans' chief rival in Iran was the: Safavid Empire
Oman: The Arab state of Oman in southeastern Arabia captured the Portuguese stronghold of Musqat in 1650. In 1698, they took the Portuguese southeastern capital of Mombasa.
Acheh Sultanate: in the northern Sumatra; saw Islam as a force to counter the aggressive Christianity of Europeans; series of women ruled between 1641 and 1699; this ended when scholars obtained a ruling from Mecca that Islam did not support female rulers; At its peak in the 17th century Acheh succeeded Malacca as the main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia. Acheh declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641.
Tax farming is: a person going around to the different land owners to collect taxes
A new fourteenth-century Ottoman military resource was Christian prisoners of war, called: Janissaries
Batavia: the capital of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia (present day Jakarta); was besieged by a fleet of fifty ships belonging to the sultan of Mataram, a Javanese kingdom. Dutch eventually one as the sultan was unable to get effective help form the English.
Using Map 20.2, identify the East Indias and specifically Batavia, Java, and the Strait of Malacca. How did the Dutch manage to colonize this region, and why did they covet it?: The dutch coveted it bc they wanted to trade spices--Java traded lumber an ccoffee.

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