history 1
Terms
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- thomas hobbes
- believed people are naturally cruel and greedy. believed that only a powerful gov. could ensure an orderly society
- heliocentric
- based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe
- autocrat
- an absolute monarch who rules with unlimited authority
- habeas corpus
- principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
- Rousseau
- believed people in their natural state were good. argued that giv. controls should be minimal and should only be imposed by a freely elected gov.
- hypothesis
- possible explanation
- Copernicus
- Polish scholar who proposed heliocentri model of the universe
- philip II
- wanted to expand spanish influence , strengthen the catholic churchc, and make his own power absolute. divine right
- thomas paine
- wrote common sense
- james II
- angered subjects and clashed with parliament. leadership taken over when he went to france
- censorship
- restricting access to ideas and information
- moliere
- turned out comedies such as "the miser" that made fun of french society
- catherine the great
- interested in enlightenment ideas but intended giving up no power and made some limited reforms in law and gov. granted nobles a charter of rights and criticized the institution of serfdom
- Baroque
- ornate syle of art and archeteture
- salon
- informal, social gatherings at which writers, artists, and philosophers exchanged ideas
- Motzart
- composer and performer whose operas, symmphonies, and religious music helped define composition
- louis xiv
- under reign, french army became the strong, france became wealthy, royal power strengthened
- natural law
- rule or law that governs human nature
- Bach
- complex and beautiful religious works for organs and choirs
- limited monarchy
- gov. in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarchs powers
- physiocrat
- enlightenment thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economics
- Joseph II
- granted toleration to protestants and jews. ended censorship and tried to control a catholic church. sold church property to build hospitals and abolished serfdom
- natural rights
- rights that belong to all humans from birth
- enlightened despots
- absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change
- balance of power
- distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
- Rococo
- personal, elegant style of art and archetecture feauturing fancy designs
- Sir Isaac Newton
- formed theory that gravity kept the planets in their orbits around the sun
- Adam Smith
- british economist who admired the physiocrats and argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity
- intendents
- royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, and carried out his policies in the provinces
- richelieu
- louis' chieef minister. tried to strengthen central gov. by destroying power of nobles and huguenots and crash the walls of their cities and outlawed their armis
- mercantilism
- policy where a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver
- divine right
- belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God
- Magellan
- circumnavigated around the world
- Handel
- german born composer who spent life in england
- El Greco
- famous for painting portraits of nobles
- Wollstonecraft
- argued that a woman should be able to decide what is in her own interst
- act of supremacy
- made the monarch head of the church of englang
- Peter the Great
- forced the boyars to serve the state and imported western technology adn culture. used autocratic methods to push through social and economic reforms
- Voltaire
- defended principle of freedom of speech and used wit to expose abuses and corruption. oppsed the slave trade and religious prejudice
- absoluter monarch
- ruler with complete authority over the gov. and live of the people he or she governs
- miguel cervantes
- wrote "don quixite" which mocked spains feudal past. he admired the unromantic, earthly realism and foolish heroic idealism
- social contract
- agreement where poeple give up their freedom to a powerful gov. to avoid chaos
- elizabeth I
- encouraged english captains to plunder spanish treasure ships
- oligarchy
- gov. in which ruling power belongs to a few people
- Montesquieu
- believed the seperation of powers is the best way to protect liberty and each branch of gov. should serve as a check on the others
- vasco de gama
- first to make it around africa to india
- frederick the great
- exerted extreme control over subjects, tolerated religious differences, and distributed seeds and tools to peasant
- constitutional government
- gov whose power is defined and limited by law
- laissez faire
- policy allowing business to operate with little or no gov. interference
- john locke
- believed people were moral and reasonable and people should have natural rights
- maria theresa
- won support and strengthened hapsburg power by recognizing the bureacracy and improving tax collection
- Ptolemy
- greek atronomer who taught that the earth was the center of the universe
- remembrandt
- conferred great dignity on merchants and other ordinary middle class subjects
- Diderot
- produced a 28 volume Encyclopedis to change the general way of thinking by explaining gov., philosophy, and religion
- scientific method
- painstaking method used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis
- oliver cormwell
- got leadership when charles I was executed.