Psychology chapter 1 cards 2
Terms
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- def. experiment
- a situation in which the researcher manipulates 1 variable and observes the effect of that manipulation on another variable, while holding all other variables constant
- def. theory
- an integrated set of propositions used 2 explain certain phenomena, including behavior and mental processes
- def. naturalistic observation
- the process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment
- def. case studies
- research involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group, or situation
- def. surveys
- research that involves giving people questionaires or interviews, designed 2 describe their attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions
- def. reliability
- the degree 2 which test results or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
- def. validity
- the degree 2 which evidence from a test or other research evidence occurs repeatedly
- gestalt psychology founders
- max wertheimer
- gestalt psychology goals
- 2 describe organization of mental processes; "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
- gestalt psychology methods
- observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena
- psychoanalysis founders
- sigmund freud
- psychoananlysis methods
- study of individual cases
- psychoanalysis goals
- 2 explain personality and behavior, 2 develop techniques 4 treating mental disorders
- functionalism founders
- william james
- functionalism goals
- 2 study how the mind works in allowing an organism 2 adapt 2 the environment
- functionalism methods
- naturalistic observation of animal and human bahavior
- behaviorism founders
- john B watson and b. f. skinner
- behaviorism goals
- 2 study only observable behavior and explain behavior via learning principles
- behaviorism methods
- observation of the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses
- structuralism founders
- edward titchener (trained by wilhelm wundt)
- structuralism goals
- 2 study conscious experience and its structure
- structuralism methods
- experiments, introspection
- nature vs. nurture def.
-
the continuing debate over whether heredity (nature) or environmental (nurture) is most central or important 2 psychology and human development
(intricately linked) - nature characteristics
- genetic makeup, hormones, structure of body
- nurture characteristics
- way brought up, life experiences or culture, environment
- physiology( biology)
- influenced the early discipline of psychology (where the brain and the body were related 2 different behavioral functions in the 1600s and early 1800s)
- Aristotle born
- 1)Greek Philosopher (384-323 BC)
- Aristotle lectured on
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dreams, the senses, memory, and learning
earliest known origin of psychology as a discipline and area of teaching and learning - Rene Descartes
- mathmetician and french philosopher
- Rene Descartes beliefs
- proposed the concept of "dualism" or "interactive dualism" where the body and mind are different and separate entities and concept of "autonotom"
- concept dualism
- body mind separate
- Wilhelm Wundt
- German psych in experimental scientist
- Wilhelm Wundt is important because
-
1)Founder of Psychology
2)established the first research laboratory in psychology - William James is
- American Psychologist who studied development
- William James
- examined and established functionalism or the application of psychology to how behavior "functions" in education, child rearing, and environment
- G. Stanley Hall
-
student of Willaim James
received phd in Psychology in the U.S. - G. Stanley Hall Accomplishments
-
1)established 1st psychological research lab at John Hopkins Uiniversity in 1883
2)began/published the American Journal of Psychology and was elected 1st president of american psychological association (APA) (most prominent) - sigmund freud is
- Austrian physician
- sigmund freud import. b/c
- founder of psychoanalysis
- sigmund freud beleifs:
-
1)emphasized human behavior in stages
2)beleived huamn behavior was partially conscious and partially unconsciousand motivated by sexual or aggressive instincts
3)early childhood experiences form personality in adulthood - main sigmund freud image
- iceburg with disturbing thoughts in subconscious that could be brought into conscious
- cognitive psych keys
-
1)sensation/perception
2)learning /memory
a)repress/recover traumatic
3)judgement/decision making/problem-solving - another name for biological psych.
- nu=euroscientists or physiological psychologists
- personality psych keys
-
1)individuality
2)positive psychologists (people who remain optimistic)
3)combonation of traits can predict behavior - developmental psychologist keys
- changes over life span (cause/effects)
- quantitaitve psychologist keys
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1)dev./use statistical methods
2)correlation coefficient
a)evaluate validity test - clinical, counseling, and community psych. all
- study causes of behavior disorders and offer services 2 help overcome
- clinical keys
-
phd
therapy research - counseling keys
-
phd, masters
mental health counselor example - community keys
-
homeless
try to prevent poverty and other conditions - psychiatrist keys
-
medical doctor
specialty abnormal psych. - educational psych. keys
-
teaching/learning
jigsaw technique(children from various ethnic groups must work together) - examples forensic psychology
-
criminal profiles
jury selection
insanity - sceintific psychology has roots in
- philosophy, especially epiricism
- empiricists
- believe mind is like blank slate for experiences
- Charles Darwin
- in 1859 published origin of species
- charles darwin believed
-
1)forms of life result of evolution
2)through natural selection those that can withstand survive and pass on 2 offspring
3)those that can't adapt die out - wundt explored
- conscious
- wundt used
- introspection
- edward titchener
- implemented wundts ideas