psychology rathus chapter 1-science of psychology
Terms
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- what is psychology?
- study of behaviour and mental processes
- what are the goals of a psychologist?
- seek to describe, explain, predict and control behaviour
- What is theory?
- a formulation of relationships underlying observed events
- what do psychologists do?
- engage in research, practice and teaching
- what is pure research?
-
-no immediate application to personal or social problems
-research for own sake - what is applied research?
- designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems
- what is a clinical psychologist?
- help people with psychological disorders (ie anxiety or depression)adjust to the demands of life.
- what is a counseling psychologist?
-
LESS SERIOUS PROBS.
helps people with adjustment problems. ie marital/family physical problems - what is a school psychologist?
- -SPECIAL STUDENTS IN SPECIAL CLASSES. -helps identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning.
- what is an educational psychologist?
- STUDENT & TEACHER BEHAVIOUR attempt to facilitate learning, usually focusing on COURSE PLANNING and instructional methods.
- what is a developmental psychologist?
- studies the changes - physical, cognitive, social & personality - that occur throughout the life span
- what is a personality psychologist?
- focus on goals such as identifying & measuring human traits. determines influences on human thought, feelings and behaviour, explains psychological disorders
- what is a social psychologist?
- concerned with the nature and causes of INDIVIDUALS THOUGHTS, feelings and behavior in social situations.
- what is an experimental psychologist?
- CONDUCTS EXPERIMENTS AND: specializes in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation & perception, learning & memory, thought, motivation, & emotion.
- what is an industrial psychologist?
- focus on the relationships between people & work
- what is an organizational psychologists?
- study the behaviour of people in organizations such as business.
- what is a human factors psychologists
- PROVIDE CHANGES & make technical systems such as dashboards and computer keyboards more user friendly
- what is a consumer psychologist?
- studies the behaviour of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behaviour
- what is a health psychologist?
- examines the way in which behaviour and mental processes such as attitudes are related to physical health.
- what is a sport psychologist
- help people improve their performance in sports.
- who were some of the ancient contributors to psychology?
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Aristotle 384-322 bce
Plato & Socrates 427-347 bce
Gustav Theodor Fechner 1801-1887 Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920 - what is structualism?
-
school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of 2 basic elements. OBJECTIVE sensations, SUBJECTIVE feelings and images that combine to form experience
OBJ=SIGHT,TASTE SUB=EMOTIONAL RESPONSE - who is william james?
- first true american psychologist.founded the school of functionalism.
- what is functionlism?
- FOCUS ON BEHAVIOUR AS WELL AS MIND & CONSCIOUSNESS
- who is john broadus watson?
- founder of american behaviourism
- what is behaviourism?
- school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses
- who is b.f.skinner?
- BELIEVED THAT ORGANISMS LEARN TO BEHAVE IN CERTAIN WAYS BECAUSE THEY HAVE BEEN REINFORCED FOR DOING SO
- what is reinforcement?
- stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response (usually because of a positive outcome)
- what is gestalt psychology?
-
GESTALT MEANS "PATTERN" OR "ORGANIZED WHOLE"
LEARNING IS ACCOMPLISHED BY INSIGHT NOT REPETITION - what is insight?
- reorganization of perceptions allowing the sudden solution of a problem
- what is psychoanalysis?
- school of psychology founded by sigmund freud. the notion that verbal errors and dreams represent unconscious wishes.
- what is psychodynamic?
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FOCUS ON THE UNCONCIOUS
FOUNDED BY SIGMUND FREUD - NAME THE Greek philosopher WHO WROTE "ABOUT THE PSYCHE" that argued human behavior is subject to rules and laws
- Aristotle
- WHO RECORED SOCRATES ADVICE "know thyself" WHICH IS A MOTTO OF PSYCHOLOGY
- PLATO
- WHO GETS CREDIT FOR BEING FOUNDER OF PSYCHOLOGY?
- wilhelm wundt
- founded the school of behaviorism
- john b. watson
- GROUP WHO OBSERVED perceptions as wholes that give meaning to parts
- gestalt psycholgists
- what is the evolutionary perspective?
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GENES CAN BE TRANSMITTED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION
that only the fittest organisms reach maturity and reproduce, thereby transmitting their genes to future generations & causing species to evolve in adaptive directions - what is the biological perspective
- study the links between behavior, the brain, hormones, and heredity
- what is the cognitive perspective?
- STUDY MENTAL PROCESSES - study those things we refer to as 'the mind'
- what is the humanistic-existential perspective?
- STRESS THE IMPORTANCE OF SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE -stress the importance of self awareness and people's freedom to make choices.
- what is humanism?
- STRESSES HUMAN SELF FULFILLMENT -the philosophy and school of psychology that asserts that people are conscious, self aware, and capable of free choice, self fulfillment, and ethical behavior
- what is existentialism?
- the view that people are free and responsible for their own behaviour
- what is the social cognitive theory?
- SUGGESTS PEOPLE CAN MODIFY OR EVEN CREATE THEIR ENVIORNMENTS. INTENTIONAL LEARNING BY OBSERVING OTHERS.
- what is the sociocultural perspective?
- the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes
- what is an ethnic group?
- a group characterized by common features such as cultural heritage, history, race and language
- what is gender?
- not just anatomical, but the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity
- what contributions have women made to psychology?
- Calkins studied memory and heightened awareness of prejudice against women. Ladd-Franklin formulated a theory of color vision. Washburn's views presaged behaviorism & wrote "THE ANIMAL MIND"
- what contributions to psychology have been made by people from various ethnic groups?
- ie Kenneth Clar & Robert Williams have heightened awareness of issues concerning their groups, such as prejudice and ebonics
- what is the scientific method?
- HYPOTHESE, TESTING, EXPERIMENTS -an organized way of expanding and refining knowledge. Psychologists reach conclusions about their research questions or the accuracy of their hypotheses on the basis of their research observations or findings.
- how do psychologists use samples to represent populations?
- the individual who participate in research are referred to as a sample. A sample is a segment of a population, must accurately represent the population they are intended to reflect.
- what methods of observation are used by psychologists?
- case study, survey, and naturalistic observation.
- what is the correlational method?
- INVESTIGATES WHETHER 1 BEHAVIOUR IS RELATED TO ANOTHER. POSITIVE SCORE IS HIGHER ON BOTH TESTS/NEGATIVE IS HIGHER ON 1ST TEST. MAY SUGGEST BUT DOES NO PROVE CAUSE & EFFECT
- what is the experimental method?
- used to discover cause and effect. the effects of independent variables on dependent variables.
- what are ethical issues that concern psychological research and practice with humans?
- intended to protect subjects in research and clients in practice from harm. records are kept confidential.
- what are the ethical issues that concern research with animals?
- ethical standards require that animals may be harmed only if there is no alternative and the benefits justify the harm.
- what is critical thinking?
- EXAMINE INFO, BE CAUTIOUS, BE SKEPTICAL, CONSIDER ALTERNATIVES.
- Name the 3 founders of Gestalt Psychology.
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Wertheimer
Koffka
Kohler - He published "Elements of Psychophysic" & related light & sounds to psychology.
- Gustav Theodore Fechner
- Who suggested we could think of behaviour in terms of a body (biological) & mind(mental)?
- Democritus
- What is Pseudoscience?
- False Science
- What is volunteer 'bias'?
- People who volunteer differ from people who do not
- What is a stratified sample?
- Selection of identified subgroups
- What is random sampling?
- Everyone has equal chance of being selected
- What is 'population'?
- A group targeted for study.