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psychology rathus chapter 1-science of psychology

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what is psychology?
study of behaviour and mental processes
what are the goals of a psychologist?
seek to describe, explain, predict and control behaviour
What is theory?
a formulation of relationships underlying observed events
what do psychologists do?
engage in research, practice and teaching
what is pure research?
-no immediate application to personal or social problems
-research for own sake
what is applied research?
designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems
what is a clinical psychologist?
help people with psychological disorders (ie anxiety or depression)adjust to the demands of life.
what is a counseling psychologist?
LESS SERIOUS PROBS.
helps people with adjustment problems. ie marital/family physical problems
what is a school psychologist?
-SPECIAL STUDENTS IN SPECIAL CLASSES. -helps identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning.
what is an educational psychologist?
STUDENT & TEACHER BEHAVIOUR attempt to facilitate learning, usually focusing on COURSE PLANNING and instructional methods.
what is a developmental psychologist?
studies the changes - physical, cognitive, social & personality - that occur throughout the life span
what is a personality psychologist?
focus on goals such as identifying & measuring human traits. determines influences on human thought, feelings and behaviour, explains psychological disorders
what is a social psychologist?
concerned with the nature and causes of INDIVIDUALS THOUGHTS, feelings and behavior in social situations.
what is an experimental psychologist?
CONDUCTS EXPERIMENTS AND: specializes in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation & perception, learning & memory, thought, motivation, & emotion.
what is an industrial psychologist?
focus on the relationships between people & work
what is an organizational psychologists?
study the behaviour of people in organizations such as business.
what is a human factors psychologists
PROVIDE CHANGES & make technical systems such as dashboards and computer keyboards more user friendly
what is a consumer psychologist?
studies the behaviour of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behaviour
what is a health psychologist?
examines the way in which behaviour and mental processes such as attitudes are related to physical health.
what is a sport psychologist
help people improve their performance in sports.
who were some of the ancient contributors to psychology?
Aristotle 384-322 bce
Plato & Socrates 427-347 bce
Gustav Theodor Fechner 1801-1887 Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920
what is structualism?
school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of 2 basic elements. OBJECTIVE sensations, SUBJECTIVE feelings and images that combine to form experience
OBJ=SIGHT,TASTE SUB=EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
who is william james?
first true american psychologist.founded the school of functionalism.
what is functionlism?
FOCUS ON BEHAVIOUR AS WELL AS MIND & CONSCIOUSNESS
who is john broadus watson?
founder of american behaviourism
what is behaviourism?
school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses
who is b.f.skinner?
BELIEVED THAT ORGANISMS LEARN TO BEHAVE IN CERTAIN WAYS BECAUSE THEY HAVE BEEN REINFORCED FOR DOING SO
what is reinforcement?
stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response (usually because of a positive outcome)
what is gestalt psychology?
GESTALT MEANS "PATTERN" OR "ORGANIZED WHOLE"
LEARNING IS ACCOMPLISHED BY INSIGHT NOT REPETITION
what is insight?
reorganization of perceptions allowing the sudden solution of a problem
what is psychoanalysis?
school of psychology founded by sigmund freud. the notion that verbal errors and dreams represent unconscious wishes.
what is psychodynamic?
FOCUS ON THE UNCONCIOUS
FOUNDED BY SIGMUND FREUD
NAME THE Greek philosopher WHO WROTE "ABOUT THE PSYCHE" that argued human behavior is subject to rules and laws
Aristotle
WHO RECORED SOCRATES ADVICE "know thyself" WHICH IS A MOTTO OF PSYCHOLOGY
PLATO
WHO GETS CREDIT FOR BEING FOUNDER OF PSYCHOLOGY?
wilhelm wundt
founded the school of behaviorism
john b. watson
GROUP WHO OBSERVED perceptions as wholes that give meaning to parts
gestalt psycholgists
what is the evolutionary perspective?
GENES CAN BE TRANSMITTED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION
that only the fittest organisms reach maturity and reproduce, thereby transmitting their genes to future generations & causing species to evolve in adaptive directions
what is the biological perspective
study the links between behavior, the brain, hormones, and heredity
what is the cognitive perspective?
STUDY MENTAL PROCESSES - study those things we refer to as 'the mind'
what is the humanistic-existential perspective?
STRESS THE IMPORTANCE OF SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE -stress the importance of self awareness and people's freedom to make choices.
what is humanism?
STRESSES HUMAN SELF FULFILLMENT -the philosophy and school of psychology that asserts that people are conscious, self aware, and capable of free choice, self fulfillment, and ethical behavior
what is existentialism?
the view that people are free and responsible for their own behaviour
what is the social cognitive theory?
SUGGESTS PEOPLE CAN MODIFY OR EVEN CREATE THEIR ENVIORNMENTS. INTENTIONAL LEARNING BY OBSERVING OTHERS.
what is the sociocultural perspective?
the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes
what is an ethnic group?
a group characterized by common features such as cultural heritage, history, race and language
what is gender?
not just anatomical, but the culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity
what contributions have women made to psychology?
Calkins studied memory and heightened awareness of prejudice against women. Ladd-Franklin formulated a theory of color vision. Washburn's views presaged behaviorism & wrote "THE ANIMAL MIND"
what contributions to psychology have been made by people from various ethnic groups?
ie Kenneth Clar & Robert Williams have heightened awareness of issues concerning their groups, such as prejudice and ebonics
what is the scientific method?
HYPOTHESE, TESTING, EXPERIMENTS -an organized way of expanding and refining knowledge. Psychologists reach conclusions about their research questions or the accuracy of their hypotheses on the basis of their research observations or findings.
how do psychologists use samples to represent populations?
the individual who participate in research are referred to as a sample. A sample is a segment of a population, must accurately represent the population they are intended to reflect.
what methods of observation are used by psychologists?
case study, survey, and naturalistic observation.
what is the correlational method?
INVESTIGATES WHETHER 1 BEHAVIOUR IS RELATED TO ANOTHER. POSITIVE SCORE IS HIGHER ON BOTH TESTS/NEGATIVE IS HIGHER ON 1ST TEST. MAY SUGGEST BUT DOES NO PROVE CAUSE & EFFECT
what is the experimental method?
used to discover cause and effect. the effects of independent variables on dependent variables.
what are ethical issues that concern psychological research and practice with humans?
intended to protect subjects in research and clients in practice from harm. records are kept confidential.
what are the ethical issues that concern research with animals?
ethical standards require that animals may be harmed only if there is no alternative and the benefits justify the harm.
what is critical thinking?
EXAMINE INFO, BE CAUTIOUS, BE SKEPTICAL, CONSIDER ALTERNATIVES.
Name the 3 founders of Gestalt Psychology.
Wertheimer
Koffka
Kohler
He published "Elements of Psychophysic" & related light & sounds to psychology.
Gustav Theodore Fechner
Who suggested we could think of behaviour in terms of a body (biological) & mind(mental)?
Democritus
What is Pseudoscience?
False Science
What is volunteer 'bias'?
People who volunteer differ from people who do not
What is a stratified sample?
Selection of identified subgroups
What is random sampling?
Everyone has equal chance of being selected
What is 'population'?
A group targeted for study.

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