comms
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Potter's box
- Definition, values, principles, loyalties, action
- Basic ethical guidelines
-
Seek and report truth
Minimize harm
Act independently
Be accountable - Typical internal policies
-
Don't accept free tickets
Don't accept gifts more than token value
Don't participate in politics
Don't do outside PR work
Don't conduct interviews w/o proper advance disclosure
Don't publish photos of deceased - Acculturation
- Tendency for media reporters to become aligned over time w/ attitudes, opinions, and even practices of those they cover extensively--not necessarily bad unless it affects their news reporting
- 1700s newspaper
-
"Revolutionary Press"
Peter Zenger defied Brits
Declaration of Independence published in Penn. Evening Post - Into 1830s
-
"Political Press"
By 1800 most cities had daily paper
In late 1820s first minority papers show up - Mass audience fostered by
-
steam press
public schools in 1830s - Penny Presses
-
1833 New York Sun first penny paper
Featured human interest, avoided politics
Revolutionized economic basis, distribution - Modern Era
-
Individual owners emerged 1880s-1900
Introduction of "objectivity," mass appeal
Unstable telegraphy=inverted pyramid - Yellow Journalism
-
"smarmy investigations"
Headlines, modern-type layouts - Early 20th century
-
Consolidation, less competition
Tabloid papers (NY Daily News) - Great Depression
-
Paper income dropped 20%
66 papers died
Advertising competition from radio - Post WWII
-
More consolidation
More ad competition
Color, graphics, short stories, classified ads - Newspaper industry today
-
Less cities w/ competing papers
Conglomeration: Large owners buying more and more papers -
Newspaper ownership
Gannet - USA Today
- Knight-Ridder
- Philidelphia Inquirer
- Advance Publications
- Cleveland Plain-Dealer
- New York Times Co.
- New York Times
- Tribune Co.
- Chicago Tribune
- Attributes that contribute to increase in readership
-
Age
Education
Household income - Daily circulation of newspaper
- 54 Million
- Sunday circulation of newspaper
- 58 million
- Top circulation paper
- USA Today
- Had first idea for magazine
- Benjamin Franklin
- Beat first thinker in getting out magazine
- Andrew Bradford
- Brought bulk mail, helped magazine industry
- Postal Act of 1870
- First continuing human interest magazine and first to use national advertising
- Ladies' Home Journal
- Magazines from WWI to WWII
- Reader's Digest, Time (news compartmentalized), Life and Look (pictoral magazines)
- Magazines post WWII
- Movement back to specialty magazines
- Modern Magazine
-
Industry highly volatile
Declining ad revenues=forced closures
Legal and marketing pressures
700 mags start each year; 60% fail
Online mags (like Slate) now exist - AM Radio
-
Amplitude Modulation
-Lengthy signal
-Clear regional, local channels
-Stations declined since '75 - FM Radio
-
Frequency modulation
-Short range signal
-Better quality sound
-Less outside interference - Average household has ___ radio receivers
- Six
- Invented wireless morse code
- Guglielmo Marconi
- Invented high speed generator to broadcast voice signals
- Reginald Fessenden
- Invented vacuum tube for radio reception
- Lee De Forest
- Communications Act of ____
-
1934
Formed FCC - Telelcommunications Act of ___
-
1996
Opened marketplace to consolidation - The tendency of the human perceptual system to perceive continuous motion between two stationary points of light that blink on and off
- Phi phenomenon
- The quality of the human eye that enables it to retain an image for a split second
- Persistence of vision
- Huge conglomerate owners
-
Disney
Viacom
NBC Universal
MGM/United Artists
Time Warner
Sony
News Corporation - Factors hurting attendence
-
Social theater environment eroding
Sacrificing relationships w/ theater-goers for short-term profits (commercials, no ushers)
Ready alternatives offer better experiences
Rising prices
Demographics (baby boomers go to movies less often)
Declining quality of movies - How many U.S. TV markets?
- 210
- Percent of U.S. homes w/ TVs
- 99%
- Diagrammed idea for TV in high school
- Philo T. Farnsworth
- Invented primative camera tube in 1928
- Vladimir Zworykin
- Year of BBC's first broadcast
- 1930
- Golden days of TV
- 1950s
- These programs, and genres, fueled TV sales
- Ed Sullivan, live TV, Western dramas
- Golden days of TV News
- 1960s (newscasts lengthened for Kennedy funeral, civil rights events, Vietnam War, and landing on the moon)
- 1970s-2000 In TV
-
Growing concern over content
Competition for networks
Continued growth of cable
Growth of advertising revenue
Growth of VCRs: 5% in '82, 95% in 2000
Remote control
Direct satellite in '94 - Analog TV
- Scanned electron beam creates image in flourescent screen
- Digital TV
-
Pixels assigned to digital code
-clearer picture
-higher quality sound
-wider screen
-screen can be subdivided - Ethics
- How we live our lives, what is right or wrong
- Established principles which are enduring; typical in U.S. and Western world
- Absolute Ethics
- Situational ethics
- Ethical views depend on the situation; typical of Japan and Asian societies
- Tendency for reporters to become aligned over time with attitudes, opinions, and even practices of those they cover extensively
- Acculturation
- Basic ethical guidlines
-
Seek and report the truth
Minimize harm
Act independently
Be accountable - Defamation
- Affects reputation
- Protection of privacy
- Protects peace of mind
- Fair comment
- Fair critique of performance of a public official
- Laws allowing press access to government info
-
-1996 Freedom of Information Act
-1996 Electronic Freedom of Information Act
-Sunshine Laws - Obscenity supposed to be determined according to _____
- Community standards
- Telecommunications Act of 1996
- Essentially deregulated industry
- 8 steps in communication process
-
-source
-process of encoding
-message
-channel
-process of decoding
-receiver
-potential for feedback
-possibility of noise - Interpersonal communication
- face to face
- Machine-assisted interpersonal communication
- Machines assist in the communication between two people
- Mass Communication
- communication from one source to many audiences
- Medium
- channel by which the message is communicated
- Traits of Media Entities
-
-large and formal organizations
-many gatekeepers - Motivations of media entities
-
-profit
-competition - "No one is in charge."
- Thomas Friedman, about the internet
- Three types of media convergence
-
-corporate
-operational
-device - Disintermediation
- elimination of "middle man"
- Author of the book
- Dominick
- Three views of mass comms.
-
-functional approach
-critical/cultural approach
-social approach - Functional approach
- Examines how various individuals and audiences use the mass media--best understood by asking the question (of each consumer): "What's in this for me?"
- Percent of waking hours spent using media of some kind
- 68.8%
- Cognition
- Keeping abreast of events and analyzing issues or information for your own development
- Diversion
- Stimulation, relaxation, and release
- Social Utility
- "conversational currency"
- Withdrawal
- disassociating from life, creating buffer between yourself and others
- Surveillance
-
-warn us
-inform us - Notion of "status conferral"
- belief that if you really matter you'll get media coverage, and if you really, really matter you'll get media attention
- Interpretation role of media
-
-gatekeeper
-editorial opinion and commentary
-analysis w/in "factual content"
-subtle message slants... -
-Percent of TV that's entertainment
-Percent of newspaper -
75%
12% - Technological Determinisim
- Belief that whatever happens in a society, technology alone makes it happen
- Seven milestones in human communication
-
-language
-writing
-printing press
-electromagnetic communications
-images
-home entertainment
-digital era - A persisting oral culture today
- "talk story" in Polynesian cultures
- Sign writing
- Originated in 3500 BC in Sumeria
- Phonetic Writing
- Alphabet
- Social consequences of writing
-
Facilitated:
-enduring body of knowledge
-Greek and Roman empires
-gap between the elite and the masses - Printing press
- invented in 1453 by Johann Gutenberg
- Consequences of printing press
-
Facilitated:
-literacy
-research
-news
-extension of books and knowledge to masses - Telegraph
- invented early 1800s, transported info at 186,000 miles/second
- Telephone
- invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, sent voice waves over telegraph wires
- First box camera
- produced by Kodak in 1890s
- Early pictures
- either posed or still
- Half-tone process
- helped put photos in papers and magazines in the early 1900s--ushered in era of photojournalism
- Motion pictures (5 points)
-
-almost exclusively a U.S. invention
-enabled by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration that created audiences
-movie-going forever changed entertainment landscape
-appealed to all classes
-changed journalism through broadcast newsreels, 1910 through 1950s - Radio in home entertainment
-
-went commercial in Roaring 20s
-by 1940s, U.S. families spent four hours per day listening to radio
-brought in "prime time" concept - Philo T. Farnsworth
- The "forgotten father of television"
- First TV broadcasts
- 1936 by BBC
- NBC's beginning of operations
- 1939
- how many TV sets in U.S. by 1951
- 10 million
- Time Magazine's comment about color TV when it first came out
- "the most resounding industrial flop of 1956"
- Cultural impacts of TV
-
-instant info in full color
-major consumer of time (average high school graduate has spent more time watching TV than in school; average household has TV on 7 hours)
-transformed politics; sound bites and special events over substance
-major exporter of U.S. culture - Satellites, computers, and digitization have fueled exponential growth in:
-
-the capacity of global systems
-the amount of info generated
-speed w/ which info is transmitted - First satellite
- launched by Russia, Sputnik I in 1956
- Communiations Satellite Act of 1962
- regulation attempts resulted in COMSAT
- First Geosynchronous satellite
- launched in 1965, Early Bird; marked real beginning of global satellite communications
- How many satellites launched a year these days?
- 20
- How much does each satellite cost about?
- $75 million
- by the late 90s, how many satellites were operating
- nearly 3 million
- Telecommunications industry's annual global revenues
- exceeding $500 billion
- ARPANET
- early rendition of internet created in 1969 for U.S. Department of Defense
- First time internet is introduced as a term
- 1982
- Internet commercialized
- 1987
- Worldwide web
- developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991
- "surfing the internet"
- Jean Amour Polly
- How many people have internet access?
- 730 million
- Chain of expanding Global Village
-
interaction of people=
increase interest in information=
pressure on govts to offer more freedom=
increases in market for media=
more information=
even greater interest=
(and it starts again!) - CNNI
- (CNN international) reaches hotels and 100 million homes in 200+ countries
- BBC's World Service
- Radio station, 140 million listeners in 43 languages
- Voice of America
- International radio station, started in 1950s, broadcasts to Europe and Asia
- Power
- "The capacity to effect outcomes...to get things done" (Henry Mintzberg)
- Ways government control media
-
-owning the media and reporters
-setting policy by which media function
-issuing licenses
-regulating airwaves
-regulating print - Media power in democratic nations (4 points)
-
-media role is to act as watchdog
-media set agendas that move governments (civil rights, watergate, etc.)
-the "CNN effect" (tv puts far-away issues in minds of people and govts.)
-media obsessions (conflict, scandals, U.S. media for brevity, etc.) - "[Media owners] have their own political agenda.... They exert a homogenizing power over ideas, culture and commerce that affects populations larger than any in history."
- Ben Bagdikian
- "The media appear to have less power than the average person assumes; media effects on audiences are relatively minor."
- Joseph Klapper
- Outcomes affected by media
-
-Changing people (getting them to do certain things or believe certain things)
-changing society (getting a group of people, community or even nation to change, immediately or over time)
-changing organizations, including local, state/provincial/prefecture, or even national governments - Four Media theories
-
-libertarian media theory
-social responsibility media theory
-authoritarian media theory
-soviet media theory - Libertarian media theory
-
-John Stuart Mill
-"Free marketplace of ideas"-best recognized while worst fail
-based on individual rights of free speech, freedom of religion, freedom of press, freedom of assembly
-completely unfettered media-no control or constraints - Social Responsibility media theory
-
-arose around 1860s
-media are form of public stewardship
-unlimited media lead to irresponsibility
-media are still free, police themselves: "self-regulation"
-codes of professional conduct
-councils for dealing with violations - Authoritarion media theory
-
-governments are quasi-democratic to authoritarian and "paternalistic"
-media "privately owned" but usually licensed
-media cover anything as long as they are "responsible" and don't "criticize the king"
-best describes Daily Universe and administrative relationship - Soviet media theory
-
-media controlled completely by the state, or national government
-soviets viewed role positively, as provider of information and builder of cultural values - Development media theory
-
-prevalent throughout world of developing nations
-governments believe society needs to be "nurtured" toward economic growth
-media are major tools in that process
-media role is to educate masses toward economic and social growth
-licenses allocated (and taken away) by government - Democratic-participant media theory
-
-supports media on much smaller scale--very localized
-challenges necessity of large, centralized, or commercialized media
-local media must be interactive vehicles for everyone involved
-favor "horizontal" interaction--everyone on equal grounds - Media roles by country
-
Communist:
-government propaganda, persuasion
Developing nations:
-rally masses for economic development
Western Media, U.S.:
-government watchdog
-commercial catalyst - Effects of media (6 points)
-
-contingencies
-agenda setting
-socialization
-cultivation
-TV advertising
-exposure and congnition - Media effects landmarks
-
1920s: media as "magic bullet"
1940s: two-step flow hypothesis
1960s: Klapper's no effects at all
1970s: limited effects within other contexts - Theory of selectivity
- proposes that people interact with media selectively, by choice (selective attention or exposure, selective perception, selective retention)
- Agenda framing
- media DO tell us what to think AND how to think about it
- Agenda building
- how stories are portrayed over time
- "media are not so successful in telling people what to think as what to think about"
- Bernard Cohen
- Catalysts of socialization (6 points)
-
-parents
-siblings
-peers
-school
-experience
-media - Media as socializer
-
-source of information
-influencer of attitudes and belief - 1970s FCC ruled children need protection from ads because:
-
-children are vulnerable
-children can be more easily deceived by exaggerated claims
-early disappointments can lead to cynical consumer behavior - How many voters have already made up their minds before campaigns begin
- 2/3