Psychology 4
Terms
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- Sensation
- The process of stimulating the sense organ receptor cells and relaying that information to higher brain centers for further processing.
- Perception
- The brain's process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to give it meaning.
- Absolute threshold
- the minimum amount of stimulations that an organism can detect.
- Difference threshold
- The smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect.
- Weber's Law
- The size of a JND is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus.
- Sclera
- outside white part
- Cornea
- clear muscle covering the front of the eye, allows light to come through.
- Lens
- transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina.
- Iris
- colored central part, controls the size of the pupil.
- Pupil
- regulates the amount of light passing to the rear of the eye.
- Rods
- the receptors in the retina that are exquisitely sensitive to light but are not very useful for color.
- Cones
- receptors in the retina for color perception
- Fovea
- a tiny spot in the center of the retina where visual activity is greatest, where the retina focuses the light.
- Blind Spot
- where your optic nerve connects to your eye making it impossible for rods or cones to exist there.
- Retina
- the neutral tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; it absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain.
- Pinna
- the external ear's sound collecting cone
- Auditory Ossicles
- three tiny bones in the middle ear that convert the eardrums vibrations into smaller motions.
- Oval Window
- sound enters the cochlea through the oval window, which is vibrated by the ossicles.
- Basilar Membrane
- runs the length of the spiraled cochlea, holds the auditory receptors.
- Cochlea
- a fluid filled, coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing. Comes from the Greek word for a spiral-shelled snail, which the chamber resembles.
- Hair Cells
- auditory receptors, called this because of the tiny bundles of hairs that protrude them.
- Depth Perception
- Texture, shadowing, accomodation, atmospheric perspectives, interposition
- Visual Illusion
- Illusion that occurs when two objects produce exactly the same retinal image but are perceived as different images.
- Figure-ground relationship
- how we're able to make sense of what we see in front and back.
- Law of Proximity
- things that are closer together will be grouped together.
- Law of Similarity
- Things that look alike will be grouped together.
- Law of closure
- Our perception feels in the gaps. s_u__re
- Pitch
- Characteristic of sound- frequency-how fast in air pressure change.
- Loudness
- Characteristic of sound-Amplitude-the energy of the wave.
- Timbre
- Quality of sound, how well we hear it.
- Unconditioned stimulus
- Evokes response that is inate.
- Unconditioned response
- pin prick is stimulus-> moving arm away is inate response.
- Conditioned Stimulus
- Neutral stimulus paired w/unconditional stimulus.
- Conditioned Response
- Arm is moved when the bell rings before being poked.
- Spontaneous recovery
- You remember and the stimulus is activated.
- Generalization
- Respond similarly to similar kinds of cues.
- Discrimination
- Response is more specific to a given stimulus.
- Operant Conditioning
- consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behaviors occurrence
- Thorndike's law of effect
- Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, whereas behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.
- Skinner
- Skinner box
- Schedules of Reinforcement
-
1)Fixed Ratio schedule
2)Variable-ratio schedule
3)Fixed-interval schedule
4)Variable-interval schedule - What is punishment?
- PUnishment only tells us what not to do instead of what to do.
- Negative PUnishment
- removal of a pleasureable stimulus that decreases liklihood behavior will reoccur. ->playstation and bath.
- Negative Reinforcement
- Removal of an obversice stimulus that increases the likelyhood that behavior will reoccur. -> seatbelt warning, stopped yelling.
- Positive Reinforcement
- Application of a pleasurable stimulus that increases likelyhood that positive behavior will occur.
- Positive Punishment
- Administration of an obversive stimulus that decreases likelyhood that behavior will occur.
- The three S's
-
1)Swift-immediate punishment
2)Severe-has to be punishing.
3)Certain-every time