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Renaissance and Reformation Term List

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Puritans
Puritans rejected the Reformation of the Church of England and justified separation from the Church of England following the Elizabethan Religious Settlement.
Justification (Salvation) by Faith
In Lutheran belief, justification occurs through faith in Christ's righteousness and is a manifestation of God's grace. They believe that justification is independent of and in no way depends upon works performed, thoughts had, or attitudes cultivated by believers. This is in contrast to Catholic teaching, which holds that salvation is achieved through faith and good works.
John Calvin
John Calvin (1509-1564) was a French Protestant theologian and reformer. In 1536, Calvin published a book that set forth his religious beliefs and explained how to organize and run a Protestant church. While he shared many of Martin Luther's beliefs, he also put forward some of his own ideas, notably predestination. Calvin also set up a theocracy in the Swiss city-state of Geneva.
Anabaptists
Anabaptists were a radical Protestant sect during the Reformation. They believed that infant baptism was not valid since a child could not commit to a religious faith. Instead, they supported what was called believer's baptism.
Indulgences
According to the teachings of the Catholic Church, an indulgence is a lessening of the time a soul will have to spend in purgatory, a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atone for sins committed during their lifetimes.
Jesuits
The Jesuits are a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola and recognized by Pope Paul III in 1540. Led by Ignatius, the Jesuits embarked on a crusade to defend and spread the Catholic faith worldwide.
Henry VIII
Henry VIII (1491-1547) was King of England. In 1527, Henry asked the pope to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon - both because she had failed to give birth to a son and because he was in love with Anne Boleyn. The pope refused. Henry then took control of the English Church - breaking it away from the Roman Catholic Church. Thomas Cranner, the archbishop of the new church, annulled the king's marriage. In 1533, Henry married Anne Boleyn.
Michelangelo
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) was an Italian sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet. In his twenties, Michelangelo created marble masterpieces such as David and the Pieta. He also painted a series of huge murals to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. His greatest architectural achievement was designing the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome.
Queen Elizabeth (Elizabethan Settlement)
Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) reigned as Queen of England from 1558 until her death. She slowly enforced a series of reforms that over time came to be called the Elizabethan settlement. Her compromises between Protestant and Catholic practices satisfied most Catholics and Protestants and largely ended decades of religious turmoil in England.
Protestantism
Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the reformation and that reject papal authority and doctrine.
Humanism
An intellectual movement beginning during the Renaissance that revived study of the classical culture of Greece and Rome in an effort to increase understanding of Renaissance times. Unlike Medieval thinkers, who focused mainly on religious matters, humanists focused on worldly subjects.
Council of Trent
In 1545, Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent to establish the direction that reform should take. Led by Italian cardinal Carlo Borromeo, the council met off and on for almost twenty years. It reaffirmed traditional Catholic views and took steps to end abuses in the Church.
Raphael
Raphael (1483-1520) was an Italian painter and architect. He developed his own style of painting - a style that blended Christian and classical styles. He is probably best known for his tender portrayals of the Madonna, the mother of Jesus.
Index of Prohibited Books
The Index of Prohibited Books (Index Librorum Prohibitorum) was a list of works considered too immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read. The list included books by Luther and Calvin, as well as earlier works by Petrarch and other humanists.
Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. Erasmus wrote texts on a number of subjects and used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the Bible.
Anglican Church
The Anglican Church, also known as the Church of England, was founded by King Henry VIII in 1534. Although Henry set England on the path to Protestantism, he rejected most Protestant doctrines. Aside from breaking away from Rome and allowing use of the English Bible, he kept most forms of Catholic worship.
Inquisition
The Inquisition was a Church court set up during the Middle Ages that used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy. Pope Paul III strengthened the Inquisition to fight Protestantism.
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a German monk and theologian whose ideas inspired the Protestant Reformation. Long troubled by what he viewed as corruption and worldliness in the Catholic Church, Luther was moved to action in 1517 after witnessing a Catholic priest near Wittenberg, Germany offering indulgences to any Christian who contributed money for the rebuilding of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. In response, Luther wrote 95 Theses against indulgences and may have posted them on the door of Wittenberg's All Saints Church. Luther's ideas were quickly printed and distributed across Europe. Luther believed that the Bible is the one source of truth (not the pope or the Catholic Church) and that salvation is achieved through faith alone.
Predestination
Predestination is the Calvinist belief that God has long ago determined who will gain salvation. To Calvinists, the world is divided into two kinds of people - saints and sinners. Calvinists try to live like saints, believing that only those who are saved can live truly Christian lives.
Priesthood of all believers
The priesthood of all believers is a foundational doctrine of Protestantism developed by Martin Luther. Luther taught that all baptized Christians are "priests" and "spiritual" in the eyes of God and that members of the clergy are therefore not superior to lay persons.
The 95 Theses
In 1517, Martin Luther wrote 95 Theses against indulgences. He may have posted his Theses on the door of Wittenberg's All Saints Church on October 31st. In his 95 Theses, Luther argued that indulgences had no basis in the Bible, that the pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory, and that Christians could be saved only through faith.
Machiavelli
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) was an Italian diplomat and political philosopher. One of his most famous works is a book called The Prince, written in 1513 and published posthumously in 1531, in which Machiavelli advises rulers on how to gain and maintain power. He believed that the end justifies the means and encouraged rulers to use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals.
Jan van Eyck
Jan van Eyck was a Flemish painter during the 15th century. His portrayals of townspeople as well as religious scenes abound in rich, realistic details.
Presbyterians
Presbyterians are followers of Presbyterianism - a form of Calvinism that evolved mainly in Scotland.
Catholic (Counter) Reformation
The Catholic Reformation, or the Counter-Reformation, was a reform movement that took hold within the Catholic Church in response to the spread of Protestantism.
Johann Gutenberg
Johann Gutenberg (c. 1400-1468) was a German goldsmith and printer who is credited with introducing movable type printing to Europe. In 1455, he printed the first complete edition of the Bible using this new printing press. The printing revolution that Gutenberg started led to more books being printed and more people learning to read. Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge from medicine to law to mining.
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was an Italian scientist, mathematician, engineer, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, inventor, anatomist, musician and writer. He made sketches of nature and of models in his studio, and dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work. Two of his most famous paintings are the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
Charles V
Charles V (1500-1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556. Charles, a Catholic, clashed frequently with Protestants during his reign. In 1521, he summoned Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms in an attempt to make Luther give up his heretical writings. After Luther refused, Charles declared him an outlaw. Throughout the 1530s and 1540s, Charles tried to force Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church, but with little success. Finally, after many brief wars, Charles and the princes reach a settlement. The Peace of Augsburg, signed in 1555, allowed each prince to decide which religion - Catholic or Lutheran - would be followed in his lands.

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