Psychology GRE

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Continuous Reinforcement Schedule: Learning
-every correct response is met with some form of reinforcement.
-facilitates the quickest learning but is also the most fragile (animal stops performing when rewards stop)
Ivan Pavlov: Learning
-CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (Pavlovian Conditioning)
-1st famous winner of Nobel Prize for work with dogs and digestion
-food (US) ---> salivate (UR)
feet (CS) --> salivate (CR)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule: Learning
-not all correct responses are reinforced
-longer learning time, but behaviors are more resistant to extinction
- 4 types: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval
Theory of Association: Learning
-Kurt Lewin
-forerunner of behaviorism
-Association is grouping things together based on the fact that they occur together in time and space.
-Organisms associate certain behaviors with certain rewards and certain cues with certain situations.
(later proved by Pavlov)
Fixed Interval Schedule: Learning
-rewards come after the passage of a certain amount of time, regardless of behavior
- does little to motivate an animal's behavior
- ex. Salaries and Tenure
Kurt Lewin: Learning
THEORY of ASSOCIATION
-forerunner of behaviorism
-grouping based on time and space.
Fixed Ratio Schedule: Learning
-reinforcement delivered after a certain number of responses.
- vulnerable to extinction when rewards stop coming as scheduled
- rats and drugs in Skinner box
Classical Conditioning: Learning
-Pavlov
-organism learns to respond to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with an unneutral stimulus
- Unconditioned Stimulus --> Unconditioned Response
-Conditioned Stimulus
--> Conditioned Response
-(US) and (CS) are paired in time and space
Shaping or Differential Reinforcement of Successive Approximations: Learning
-B.F. Skinner and Operant Cond.
-Initial rewards for getting closer to the desired behavior until that behavior is reached.
John B. Watson: Learning
-Expanded on Pavlov's ideas
-founded school of BEHAVIORISM
-everything can be explained by stimulus - response chains (Classic Conditioning)
-only objective and observable elements are of importance.
Token Economy: Learning
-artificial mini-economy found in prisons, rehab centers and mental hospitals.
-individuals are motivated by secondary reinforcements (tokens) which can be exchanged for primary reinforcers (cigarettes, privileges)
B.F. Skinner: Learning
-OPERANT CONDITIONING
behavior influenced primarily through reinforcement (Thorndike and cause and effect)
-used rats and the Skinner box in a classic stereotype of psych study
*proved animals are influenced by reinforcement
-books: Walden Two and Beyond Freedom and Dignity. discuss control of human behavior.
Variable Ratio Schedule: Learning
-reinforcement after differing number of correct responses
- longest learning time
-least likely to be extinguished
- ex. Slot Machines
(ratio cannot be predicted)
E.L. Thorndike: Learning
Law of Effect: precursor of operant conditioning.
cause and effect chain of behavior revolving around reinforcement. (do what rewards and don't do what doesn't)
Variable Interval Schedule: Learning
-rewards are given after differing time periods.
-2nd most effective strategy for maintaining behavior
-ex. waiting for the bus
Simultaneous Conditioning: Learning
-the US and the CS are presented at the same time
-type of Classical Cond.
Negative Reinforcement: Learning
- removal of something negative that increases the liklihood of a particular response.
ex. stop shock when lever is pushed, no chores for good behavior
Higher-order / Second-order Conditioning: Learning
-Conditioning technique
-previous CS now acts as US.
ex. 1st: food = US and
feet = CS
2nd: feet = US and
bell = CS
Secondary Reinforcement: Learning
-A learned reinforcer
ex. money, awards, token
economy, prestige
Forward Conditioning: Learning
-Pairing of the CS and US in Classical Cond. where the CS is presented BEFORE the US.
-2 Types: Delayed Cond.
Trace Cond.
Primary Reinforcement: Learning
-A Natural Reinforcement: reinforced on its own without the requirement of learning
ex. Food and Water
Trace Conditioning: -A type of Forward Conditioning, which is a type of Classical Cond.
-The CS is presented and terminated before the US is presented
Positive Reinforcement: Learning
-Giving Something: reward or positive event that acts as a stimulus to increase the liklihood of a particular response
ex. treat, affection, praise
Backward Conditioning: -type of Classical Cond. in which the CS is presented AFTER the US.
-Ineffective
-Causes Inhibitory Conditioning: less liklihood of the US and CS being paired even if presented Forward.
Inhibitory Conditioning: -harder time in pairing the US and CS, created in Backward Conditioning
Delayed Conditioning: -A type of Forward Conditioning, which is a type of Classical Cond.
- The presentation of the CS begins before that of the US and lasts until the US is presented
Learning: the relatively permanent or stable changes in behavior as the result of experience.

E.L Thorndike, Kurt Lewin, Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F Skinner
Operant Conditioning: Learning
-B.F. Skinner
-aims to influence response through reinforcement strategies.
-1st experiment: Skinner Box (rats with levers, press lever and get food)
-uses process of shaping or differential reinforcement of successive approximations (rewards for moving closer to lever)
Law of Effect: Learning
-E.L. Thorndike
-precursor of operant conditioning
-cause and effect chain of behavior revolving around reinforcement
-Individuals do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn't

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