GRE BIO
Terms
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- pleiotrophic genes
- exert an effect on more than one trait
- Basic Amino Acids
- histidine, lysine
- Costs of Glycolysis
- 2 ATP
- cotyledon
- seed leaf of a plant, one in monocots two in dicots
- meristematic tissue
- emrbyonic plant tissue that allows for growth
- polar microtubules
- spindle microtubules that do not connect to chromosomes during mitosis, they push against each other to elongate the cell
- Pericycle, Endodermis
- Root cells and tissue found in angiosperms
- IgA
- found in secretions such as saliva, milk and respiratory secretions
- gibberellins
- plant hormones that stimulate leaf and stem growth
- B Cells
- responsible for humoral immunity through the production of immunoglobulins/antibodies
- Mannose 6-phosphate
- targets lysosomal hydrolases to lysosomes
- RNA polymerase
- RNA transcription enzyme utilizing DNA template
- transposons
- a mobile section of DNA that promotes genetic variablitliy
- Prokaryotes
- loose genetic material, circular chromosomes, no introns, cell walls composed of peptidoglycan
- Eutrophic lakes
- high rate of productivity due to an increase in available nutrient, eutrophication can be artificially caused by fertilization run off
- basal body
- cytoplasmic organelle of microtubules found at base of eukaryotic flagella and cillia
- T cells
- two types, helper and killer T cells
- Disaccharide
- Maltose, lactose, sucrose
- vessel members
- cells that primarily provide rapid transport of water in angiosperms
- vinculin
- one of several different proteins involved in cell adhesion
- Mg2+
- directly involved in light absorption during photosynthesis
- intron
- segments of gene that transcribed but subsequently excised from the mRNA
- Grause's competitive exculsion theory
- competition for limited resources in which the more fit organism will obtain the desired resource and the less fit organism will become locally extinct
- palisade cells
- located directly under the upper epidermis, contain chloroplasts
- Epidermal Tissue
- important in plants during times of drought becuase it is covered with a waxy cuticle and drought responsive stomata
- Bryophyta and Pteridophyta
- both have chlorophyll
- spongy cells
- located beneath the palisade cells also contain chloroplasts but more importantly they are the site of gas exchange
- IgM
- secreted into the blood as part of a primary immune response, also activate the complement system
- vegetal pole
- the pole of an egg with the greater amount of yolk
- Allelopathy
- secretion by plants (desert plants in particular) of a toxic substance into the soil that repels other plants from growing near them
- ecotypes
- geographic races of a species that change phenotypes in order to accommodate different environmental pressures
- Stroma
- matrix of the mitochondria
- Restriction Endonucleases
- cleave foreign DNA molecules that enter the cell
- Aerobic Respiration Total Gain
- 30 ATP
- Assimilation
- gross energy intake by animals minus egested energy loss
- Immunoglobulins
- antibodies, 2 heavy chains, 2 Light chains
- Allen's rule
- pattern of geographical variation within a species that results in attenuated extremities in hot environments
- Function of ER
- drug detoxification, synthesis of proteins, N-Linked glycoslation of new peptides, Ca2+ storage in muscles
- purines
- adenine, guanine
- Stigma
- receptive surface for pollen on an angiosperm flower
- petiole
- the stem of a leaf that connects it to the main stem of a plant
- Electron Transport Chain
- takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane, final acceptor oxygen
- zwitterion
- an amino acide with equal numbers of negative and positive chagers,electrically neutral
- cistron
- DNA segment that encodes a polypeptide chain
- Axoneme Arrangement
- 9 double microtubules, 2 central microtubules
- Eukaryotes
- true nucleus, linear chromosomes, DNA, proteins, organelles, cell walls composed of cellulose and chitin
- Reversible Inhibition
- noncovalent bonds
- lampbrush chromosome
- found especially in amphibian oocytes; chromosme in diplotene stage of first meiotic division characterized by paired lateral loops
- axoneme
- structural core of a cilium made of microtubule doublets
- lenticels
- spongry area in the bark of woody plants that allow for gas exchange
- chromatin
- nucleic acids and proteins that together make up chromosomes
- heterokaryon
- the cell produced when two different cells are fused at their plasma membrane without fusing the nuclei, resulting large cell has two distinct nuclei
- pith
- the core of the central root of monocots
- Ocean Life zones
- intertidal, neritic, photic, pelagic, benthic
- ionophore
- a lipid-soluble molecule usually synthesized by microorganisms to transport ions across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
- codon
- grouping of 3 individual nucleic acids in DNA or mRNA that specify a certain amino acid
- cline
- variation in phenotypes of the members of a species that is geographically based
- Amino Acids
- Amino group, carboxyl group, R group
- Polar Amino Acids
- asparagine, threonine
- monocot
- grasses, bamboos, palms, orchids
- monophyletic species
- derive from one common ancestor
- peptidoglycan
- material of bacterial cell walls
- ethylene
- a gaseous plant horomone; promotes aging, dropping of leaves, fruit ripening and cessation of growth
- pseudogenes
- DNA sequences that appear to be once functional genes that acquired mutations during evolution rendering them nonfunctional
- Cytokinin
- induces division and differentiation of plants cells, synthesized in the roots
- CAM plant
- plant that lives in an arid environment that takes up CO2 throug its open stomata at night and stores it as an organic acid
- carrying capacity
- maximum number of individuals of a species an environment can support
- Km
- an enzyme's binding affinity for a substrate, the substrate concentration at which the velocity of the reaction is equal to 1/2 Vmax
- operon
- group of adjacent coregulated genes
- Gains of Citric Acid Cycle
- 2 CO2 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2
- R-selected species
- a species whose population has periodic rises and falls
- C4 Plant
- plant that lives in an arid enviornment that incorporates CO2 first into a four carbon compound in one compartment of the leaf then transports that four carbon compound into a different compartment where the CO2 can be released to the calvin cycle
- Low Km
- high affinity
- Enzymes
- catalysts that speed reactions aren't consumed by them, lower a reactions activation energy but not make reactions occur
- ecotone
- overlapping plant communities in nearby regions
- Prion
- an infectious agent that appears to have no nucleic acid
- Abscisic acid
- hormone produced by plants in response to stress
- Antibodies
- immunoglobulins, markers for antigens
- directional selection
- population phenotype changes over time to another phenotype that had previously been only marginally represented in the gene pool
- homeotic genes
- Hox genes, play a role in early development
- Pyrimidines
- thymine, cytosine
- IgD
- found on B cells, they bind to antigens
- histones
- proteins associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes
- Oligotrophic lakes
- low rate of productivity due to a low concentration of avaiable nutrients
- Dyad
- pair of chromosomes that is seperated from the tetrad formed during prophase I of meiosis
- biotic potential
- measures how many young are produced in a litter, how often, and female's reproductive age span
- promoter
- DNA site for RNA polmerase to intiate transcription
- juvenile hormone
- insect hormone responseible for development staging
- Anaerobic Respiration Total Gain
- 2 ATP
- Tracheids
- most primitive vascular plant cells that conduct water and provided support
- Anticodon
- a specific part of a tRNA molecule
- polytene chromosome
- giant chromosomes formed by excessive replication of DNA without subsquent mitosis and cytokinesis, the have a characteristic banding pattern
- Dicotyledonous plants
- usually have flower parts in multiples of four or five
- Nonallosteric enzymes
- enzymes with only one binding site
- dicots
- roses, sunflowers, beans, oaks, maples
- Cilia and Flagella movement
- results from one microtubules pair sliding along a neighboring microtubule pair
- MHC proteins
- major histocompatibitly, cell surface proteins, allow for mointering of cell contents
- reverse transcriptase
- DNA polymerase that uses RNA as a template; used by retroviruses to create a DNA version of their RNA genome for insertion into the genome of their host cell
- K-selected species
- a species whose population levels off at the carrying capacity of the environment
- Signal sequence
- targets proteins to the ER
- bergmann's rule
- pattern of geographical varitation within species resulting in larger body size in cold environments
- heterochromatin
- condensed, inactive portion of chromatin
- euchromatin
- extended, active portion of chromatin
- Killer T Cells
- cells responsible for destroying our own cells that have becomoe abnormal in some way, such as being infected with a virus or becoming cancerous.
- angiosperm
- flowering plants, two types monocots and dicots
- Thylakoid
- site where light energy is converted to ATP and NADPH
- Dynein
- protien that holds microtubules together
- Mesophyll layer
- contains palisade cells and spongy cells
- vitelline layer
- a clear layer on the outside of oocyte plasma membranes, seperates from the oocyte membrane after feritlization during the cortical reaction
- Gene Flow
- can prevent speciation
- Actinomycin D
- inhibits RNA polymerase
- Adhesion plaques
- small areas on the cell surface that anchor the cell to the extracellular matrix
- collagen
- primary protein found in extracellular matrix and in connective tissue, has a distinct triple helix structure
- thermocline
- temperature gradient of more than one degree celsius per meter (ie as occurs in lakes in the summer)
- Golgi Cis side
- faces ER
- chiasmata
- microscopically visible sites where chromatid exchanges occur during meiosis
- Golgi Trans side
- faces plasma membrane
- synapsis
- pairing of homologous chromsomes during meiosis
- Fresh Water zones
- littoral, limnetic, profundal
- Non Polar Amino Acids
- glutamine, serine
- Acidic Amino Acids
- aspartic acide, glutamic acid
- Animal pole
- the pole of an egg that has the lesser amount of yolk
- stabilizing selection
- intermediate variants of a distrubtion of phenotypes favored over extreme variants
- xylem
- the part of the vascular system of a plant that transports water
- phloem
- the part of the vascular system of a plant that transports sugars and other nutrients
- barr body
- inactivated X chromonsome in female mammalian cells, appears as a dense, dark object inside the nucleus
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- enables a small amount of DNA to be amplified
- Auxins
- plant hormones with a variety of effects including secondary growth, phototropic response
- phylogenetic species
- derive from more than one ancestor
- Sieve-tube members
- cells that transport photosynthate
- translocation
- exhcange of chromosomal material between nonhomologous chromosomes
- disruptive selection
- more than one phenotype predominates in a population
- Gains of Glycolysis
- 4 ATP 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate
- Cork
- outermost tissue of a tree trunk
- DNA polymerase
- DNA replication enzyme
- Helper T Cells
- cells that secrete chemicals to help other immune system cells proliferate, critical in immunity
- Guard cells
- regulate the opening and closing of stomatal openings
- Alloenzymes
- alternate forms of an enzyme due to alleles that code for slightly different versions of that enzyme
- linker DNA
- DNA that connects nucleosomes
- transition mutation
- replacing a purine with a purine or a pyrimidine with a pyrimidine
- tubulin
- the helical protein that forms microtubules
- IgE
- found on mast cells and elsewhere, they percipitate allergic reactions by causing release of histamine.
- deme
- local population of organisms
- totipotent
- the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism
- plasmodesmata
- plant cellular adhesions that permit communication
- kinetochore microtubules
- spindle microtubules that connect to the centromeres of chromosomes during mitosis
- gymnosperm
- pine trees, coniferophytes...do not have enclosed seeds
- cycochasalin B
- fungal product that prevents the polymerization of actin filaments and thus prevents cellular locomotion
- IgG
- immunoglobulin found in phagocytic cells, intiate a complicated series of immune reactions call the complement system, pass from mother to fetus
- colchincine
- posion that binds tubulin and prevents microtubule assembly
- Monosaccharide
- Glucose, fructose
- Antiparallel Orientation
- 5' -> 3'