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GRE BIO

Terms

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pleiotrophic genes
exert an effect on more than one trait
Basic Amino Acids
histidine, lysine
Costs of Glycolysis
2 ATP
cotyledon
seed leaf of a plant, one in monocots two in dicots
meristematic tissue
emrbyonic plant tissue that allows for growth
polar microtubules
spindle microtubules that do not connect to chromosomes during mitosis, they push against each other to elongate the cell
Pericycle, Endodermis
Root cells and tissue found in angiosperms
IgA
found in secretions such as saliva, milk and respiratory secretions
gibberellins
plant hormones that stimulate leaf and stem growth
B Cells
responsible for humoral immunity through the production of immunoglobulins/antibodies
Mannose 6-phosphate
targets lysosomal hydrolases to lysosomes
RNA polymerase
RNA transcription enzyme utilizing DNA template
transposons
a mobile section of DNA that promotes genetic variablitliy
Prokaryotes
loose genetic material, circular chromosomes, no introns, cell walls composed of peptidoglycan
Eutrophic lakes
high rate of productivity due to an increase in available nutrient, eutrophication can be artificially caused by fertilization run off
basal body
cytoplasmic organelle of microtubules found at base of eukaryotic flagella and cillia
T cells
two types, helper and killer T cells
Disaccharide
Maltose, lactose, sucrose
vessel members
cells that primarily provide rapid transport of water in angiosperms
vinculin
one of several different proteins involved in cell adhesion
Mg2+
directly involved in light absorption during photosynthesis
intron
segments of gene that transcribed but subsequently excised from the mRNA
Grause's competitive exculsion theory
competition for limited resources in which the more fit organism will obtain the desired resource and the less fit organism will become locally extinct
palisade cells
located directly under the upper epidermis, contain chloroplasts
Epidermal Tissue
important in plants during times of drought becuase it is covered with a waxy cuticle and drought responsive stomata
Bryophyta and Pteridophyta
both have chlorophyll
spongy cells
located beneath the palisade cells also contain chloroplasts but more importantly they are the site of gas exchange
IgM
secreted into the blood as part of a primary immune response, also activate the complement system
vegetal pole
the pole of an egg with the greater amount of yolk
Allelopathy
secretion by plants (desert plants in particular) of a toxic substance into the soil that repels other plants from growing near them
ecotypes
geographic races of a species that change phenotypes in order to accommodate different environmental pressures
Stroma
matrix of the mitochondria
Restriction Endonucleases
cleave foreign DNA molecules that enter the cell
Aerobic Respiration Total Gain
30 ATP
Assimilation
gross energy intake by animals minus egested energy loss
Immunoglobulins
antibodies, 2 heavy chains, 2 Light chains
Allen's rule
pattern of geographical variation within a species that results in attenuated extremities in hot environments
Function of ER
drug detoxification, synthesis of proteins, N-Linked glycoslation of new peptides, Ca2+ storage in muscles
purines
adenine, guanine
Stigma
receptive surface for pollen on an angiosperm flower
petiole
the stem of a leaf that connects it to the main stem of a plant
Electron Transport Chain
takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane, final acceptor oxygen
zwitterion
an amino acide with equal numbers of negative and positive chagers,electrically neutral
cistron
DNA segment that encodes a polypeptide chain
Axoneme Arrangement
9 double microtubules, 2 central microtubules
Eukaryotes
true nucleus, linear chromosomes, DNA, proteins, organelles, cell walls composed of cellulose and chitin
Reversible Inhibition
noncovalent bonds
lampbrush chromosome
found especially in amphibian oocytes; chromosme in diplotene stage of first meiotic division characterized by paired lateral loops
axoneme
structural core of a cilium made of microtubule doublets
lenticels
spongry area in the bark of woody plants that allow for gas exchange
chromatin
nucleic acids and proteins that together make up chromosomes
heterokaryon
the cell produced when two different cells are fused at their plasma membrane without fusing the nuclei, resulting large cell has two distinct nuclei
pith
the core of the central root of monocots
Ocean Life zones
intertidal, neritic, photic, pelagic, benthic
ionophore
a lipid-soluble molecule usually synthesized by microorganisms to transport ions across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
codon
grouping of 3 individual nucleic acids in DNA or mRNA that specify a certain amino acid
cline
variation in phenotypes of the members of a species that is geographically based
Amino Acids
Amino group, carboxyl group, R group
Polar Amino Acids
asparagine, threonine
monocot
grasses, bamboos, palms, orchids
monophyletic species
derive from one common ancestor
peptidoglycan
material of bacterial cell walls
ethylene
a gaseous plant horomone; promotes aging, dropping of leaves, fruit ripening and cessation of growth
pseudogenes
DNA sequences that appear to be once functional genes that acquired mutations during evolution rendering them nonfunctional
Cytokinin
induces division and differentiation of plants cells, synthesized in the roots
CAM plant
plant that lives in an arid environment that takes up CO2 throug its open stomata at night and stores it as an organic acid
carrying capacity
maximum number of individuals of a species an environment can support
Km
an enzyme's binding affinity for a substrate, the substrate concentration at which the velocity of the reaction is equal to 1/2 Vmax
operon
group of adjacent coregulated genes
Gains of Citric Acid Cycle
2 CO2 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2
R-selected species
a species whose population has periodic rises and falls
C4 Plant
plant that lives in an arid enviornment that incorporates CO2 first into a four carbon compound in one compartment of the leaf then transports that four carbon compound into a different compartment where the CO2 can be released to the calvin cycle
Low Km
high affinity
Enzymes
catalysts that speed reactions aren't consumed by them, lower a reactions activation energy but not make reactions occur
ecotone
overlapping plant communities in nearby regions
Prion
an infectious agent that appears to have no nucleic acid
Abscisic acid
hormone produced by plants in response to stress
Antibodies
immunoglobulins, markers for antigens
directional selection
population phenotype changes over time to another phenotype that had previously been only marginally represented in the gene pool
homeotic genes
Hox genes, play a role in early development
Pyrimidines
thymine, cytosine
IgD
found on B cells, they bind to antigens
histones
proteins associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes
Oligotrophic lakes
low rate of productivity due to a low concentration of avaiable nutrients
Dyad
pair of chromosomes that is seperated from the tetrad formed during prophase I of meiosis
biotic potential
measures how many young are produced in a litter, how often, and female's reproductive age span
promoter
DNA site for RNA polmerase to intiate transcription
juvenile hormone
insect hormone responseible for development staging
Anaerobic Respiration Total Gain
2 ATP
Tracheids
most primitive vascular plant cells that conduct water and provided support
Anticodon
a specific part of a tRNA molecule
polytene chromosome
giant chromosomes formed by excessive replication of DNA without subsquent mitosis and cytokinesis, the have a characteristic banding pattern
Dicotyledonous plants
usually have flower parts in multiples of four or five
Nonallosteric enzymes
enzymes with only one binding site
dicots
roses, sunflowers, beans, oaks, maples
Cilia and Flagella movement
results from one microtubules pair sliding along a neighboring microtubule pair
MHC proteins
major histocompatibitly, cell surface proteins, allow for mointering of cell contents
reverse transcriptase
DNA polymerase that uses RNA as a template; used by retroviruses to create a DNA version of their RNA genome for insertion into the genome of their host cell
K-selected species
a species whose population levels off at the carrying capacity of the environment
Signal sequence
targets proteins to the ER
bergmann's rule
pattern of geographical varitation within species resulting in larger body size in cold environments
heterochromatin
condensed, inactive portion of chromatin
euchromatin
extended, active portion of chromatin
Killer T Cells
cells responsible for destroying our own cells that have becomoe abnormal in some way, such as being infected with a virus or becoming cancerous.
angiosperm
flowering plants, two types monocots and dicots
Thylakoid
site where light energy is converted to ATP and NADPH
Dynein
protien that holds microtubules together
Mesophyll layer
contains palisade cells and spongy cells
vitelline layer
a clear layer on the outside of oocyte plasma membranes, seperates from the oocyte membrane after feritlization during the cortical reaction
Gene Flow
can prevent speciation
Actinomycin D
inhibits RNA polymerase
Adhesion plaques
small areas on the cell surface that anchor the cell to the extracellular matrix
collagen
primary protein found in extracellular matrix and in connective tissue, has a distinct triple helix structure
thermocline
temperature gradient of more than one degree celsius per meter (ie as occurs in lakes in the summer)
Golgi Cis side
faces ER
chiasmata
microscopically visible sites where chromatid exchanges occur during meiosis
Golgi Trans side
faces plasma membrane
synapsis
pairing of homologous chromsomes during meiosis
Fresh Water zones
littoral, limnetic, profundal
Non Polar Amino Acids
glutamine, serine
Acidic Amino Acids
aspartic acide, glutamic acid
Animal pole
the pole of an egg that has the lesser amount of yolk
stabilizing selection
intermediate variants of a distrubtion of phenotypes favored over extreme variants
xylem
the part of the vascular system of a plant that transports water
phloem
the part of the vascular system of a plant that transports sugars and other nutrients
barr body
inactivated X chromonsome in female mammalian cells, appears as a dense, dark object inside the nucleus
Polymerase Chain Reaction
enables a small amount of DNA to be amplified
Auxins
plant hormones with a variety of effects including secondary growth, phototropic response
phylogenetic species
derive from more than one ancestor
Sieve-tube members
cells that transport photosynthate
translocation
exhcange of chromosomal material between nonhomologous chromosomes
disruptive selection
more than one phenotype predominates in a population
Gains of Glycolysis
4 ATP 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate
Cork
outermost tissue of a tree trunk
DNA polymerase
DNA replication enzyme
Helper T Cells
cells that secrete chemicals to help other immune system cells proliferate, critical in immunity
Guard cells
regulate the opening and closing of stomatal openings
Alloenzymes
alternate forms of an enzyme due to alleles that code for slightly different versions of that enzyme
linker DNA
DNA that connects nucleosomes
transition mutation
replacing a purine with a purine or a pyrimidine with a pyrimidine
tubulin
the helical protein that forms microtubules
IgE
found on mast cells and elsewhere, they percipitate allergic reactions by causing release of histamine.
deme
local population of organisms
totipotent
the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism
plasmodesmata
plant cellular adhesions that permit communication
kinetochore microtubules
spindle microtubules that connect to the centromeres of chromosomes during mitosis
gymnosperm
pine trees, coniferophytes...do not have enclosed seeds
cycochasalin B
fungal product that prevents the polymerization of actin filaments and thus prevents cellular locomotion
IgG
immunoglobulin found in phagocytic cells, intiate a complicated series of immune reactions call the complement system, pass from mother to fetus
colchincine
posion that binds tubulin and prevents microtubule assembly
Monosaccharide
Glucose, fructose
Antiparallel Orientation
5' -> 3'

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