Biology Finals
Terms
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- Clone
- an organism that is produced by asexual reproduction and that is genetically identical to its parent; to make an identical copy
- Law of Independent Assortment
- the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
- Cell Cycle
- the life cycle of a cell; in eurkaryotes, it consists of a cell growth period in which DNA is synthesized and a cell division period in which mitosis takes place
- Codominance
- a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
- Centromere
- the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis
- Law of Segregation
- Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes seperate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete
- Incomplete Dominance
- a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the invividual's parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully
- Ovum
- a mature egg cell
- Haploid
- describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes
- Multiple Alleles
- more than two alleles for a genetic trait
- Sex Chromosome
- ne of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
- Life Cycle
- all of the events in the growth and development of an organism until the organism reaches sexual maturit
- Diploid
- a cell that contains two hapload sets of chromosomes
- Monohybrid Cross
- a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits
- Sperm
- the male sex cell
- Test Cross
- the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype witha homozygous recessive indivudual to determine the genotype of the unknown individual
- Heredity
- the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
- Punnett Square
- a graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross
- Gamete
- a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote
- Sex-Linked Trait
- a trait that is determined by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes, such as the X chromosome or the Y chromosome in humans
- Allele
- one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic such as hair color
- Independent Assortment
- the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
- Polygenic Trait
- a characteristic of an organism that is determined by many genes
- Fertilization
- the union of a male and female gamete to form a zygote
- Cytokinesis
- the division of the cytoplasm of a cell; folllows the division of the cells nuceleus by mitosis of meiosis
- Sexual Reproduction
- reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite
- Chromatid
- one of the two strans of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis of mitosis
- Gene
- a segment of DNA that is located in a chromosome and that codes for a specific hereditary trait
- P Generation
- parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross
- Karyotype
- an array of the chromosomes found in an individual's cells at metaphase of mitosisan arranged in homologous pairs and in order of diminishing size
- Heterozygous
- describes an individual that has 2 different alleles for a trait
- Binary Fission
- A form of asexual reprodiction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
- F1 Generation
- the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two orgnasims
- Homozygous
- describes and individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes
- Pedigree
- a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family
- Autosome
- any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
- Oogenesis
- the production, growth, and maturation of an egg or ovum
- Chromosome
- in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are madeup of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA
- Spindle
- a network of micro-tubules that forms during mitosis and moves chromatids to the poles
- Meiosis
- a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells
- Phenotype
- an organisms's appererence or other detectable characteristic that resilts from the organisms genotype and the environemtn
- Spermatogenesis
- the process by which male gametes form
- Zygote
- the cell that results from the fusion of gametes; a fertilized egg
- Crossing-Over
- the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; can result in genetic recombination
- Interphase
- a period between two miotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins
- Genotype
- the entire genetic makeup of anorganism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits
- Dominant
- the trait that shows
- True-breeding
- describes organsims of genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always have the same phenotype for that trait
- Probability
- the likeliy hood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event; the mathmatical ratio of the number of times one outcome of any event in likely to occur to the number or bossible outcomes of the event
- Asexual Reproduction
- reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent prodices off-spring that are genetically identical to the parent
- Mitosis
- in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
- F2 Generation
- the sencong generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms
- Homologous Chromosome
- chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure,and that pair during meiosis
- Genetics
- the science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring
- Recessive
- the trait that doesnt show
- Cancer
- a tumor in which the cells begin dividing at an uncontrolled rate and become invasive