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- summarize the mahabharata:
- the longest single poem in the world about a great civil war fought between 2 branches of the same family
- List seven accomplishments of the Qin:
- they conquered north China, they defeated the Xionghu, they gained authority over northern korea, they defeated some Yue tribes, mobilized millions of men for public words projects, they fortified and linked the defensive walls, standardized weights, measure, and money
- how many people helped to build the Grand Canal?
- 5.5 million people
- What kept the Chinese of North and South culturally united?
- the chinese language continued to unite all literate chinese as their means of communication
- in what ways did china exert cultural hegemony over korea?
- confucianism, law codes, bureaucratic administration, literature, art, Manayana Buddhism
- who were the aryans? why were they important?
- immigrants to india. they arrived in waves. indo-aryan languages come from them
- What factors led to the fall of the Han?
- the absence of clear principles, of imperial succession continued and they had no clear successor. a revolt of many peasants broke outy and this triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks
- how was ancient India organized politically?
- it was organized by Janapadas (large political districts in India)
- Liu Bang:
- established the Han Dynasty. confucianism
- How did the Gupta empire rule India?
- they allowed considerable independence to local administrators. appointed governors at provincial levels, and sometimes even at the district level
- What happened after Emperor Qin died?
- within 4 years his powerful, centralized, productive, well-organized dynasty had collapsed. the fight over the succession to the throne destroyed the dynasty while fear and disloyalty flourished. In 206 BCE the rebel leader Biu Bang emerged victorious and established the Han dynasty
- What were the five wawys Confucianism influenced the Han dynasty?
- confucius' ethical teachings captured the imagination of the court, history became more important than ever, emperor wu established an elite imperial academy to teach specially selected scholar bureaucrats the wisdom of Confucius and its applicability to problems of governance, an imperial conference of confucian legal scholars was convened to establish and consolidate the chinese legal system, bean to establish principals of conduct for women
- What difference do the Indian Empires make?
- the ancient texts provide a common cultual imagery. these give us the tools to analyze the successes and failures of imperial structures
- What was the effect of the Hunas on India?
- they indirectly enriched India's population pool, reduced inter-regional trade, decline of culture, and the introduction of new nomadic groups
- what was the impact of china and india on surrounding people?
- india: language, writing system, art, technology. China: silk road and trade, cultural diffusion
- how did ideologies impact china?
- determined government(laws), shapes views of people, relationships, and behavior
- List 5 things the the government regulated. How did they try to accomplish their goals?
- the requirement to provide a powerful setting, rulers of behavior between males and females, the caste system, regulated religious establishments, enforced the rules of India's guilds
- What was the language of the Gupta empire?
- sanskript
- what did the sui dynasty provide that made reunification possible?
- they drew up a new centralized legal code that still recognized local customs. he also centralized authority by transferring their own appointees from one jurisdiction to another every 3 years to prevent them from establishing their own local power base
- how do the "people of han" demonstrate the idea that race is socially constructed?
- china was open to accepting and assimilating neighboring peoples who accept the culture of the Han
- list 5 similarities between Rome and Chinese Empires:
- relationships: both used marriages as a means of confirming political alliances with foreign powers. overextension: both suffered their greatest challenges in confronting simultaneously the strains of overextension. Revolts: both empires experienced frequent revolts against the emperor and his policies. Peasant Flight: peasants sought to evade taxes. Public Works Projects: all built different yet wonderful and amazing structures (china-great wall. rome-aqueducts)
- What did legalists believe?
- legalists took a pessimistic view of human nature and believed that a social harmony could only be attained through strong govrenment control and the imposition of strict laws, enforced absolutely
- assimilation:
- to become part of. to adopt the ways of a culture
- What were the two main dynasties in ancient India?
- the Mauryas and the Guptas
- What was the tributary system?
- the neighboring tributary would acknowledge Chinese dominance and offer gifts to the emperor. in exchange the emperor would send gifts to the ruler of the tributary group
- Chandragupta Maurya:
- founder of the Maurya Empire. unified india
- What were the differences between northern and southern China?
- southeast: rebellions against chinese settlers. the earliest preserved census shows china's heartland was in the north and the southern population was sparse and mostly settled along the rivers
- what forces led to the fall and rise of the different dynasties?
- mandate of heaven, no order of succession, rebellions, barbarians, geography
- Who was Asoka? Why was he important?
- he was India's buddhist emperor. he enlarged the empire and brought general peace
- caste system:
- class structure. you are born into it. little/no social mobility. linked with religious beliefs (priests at the top)
- confucianism:
- leading by example
- How was the southeast Asia impacted by India?
- Funan adopted Sanskrit as the language of the court of encouraged Hinduism
- Why did Buddhism take hold in China, even when it died out in India (the country where it was founded)?
- buddhism's foreignness contributed to its success. the nomadic conquerors who succeeded the han may have felt comfortable accepting a religion that like themselves was foreign. also buddhism was an anti-priestly religion favored by the middle class
- how has modern day Vietnam been influenced by ancient Chinese scholars?
- Chinese scholars brought Vietnam their script, confucian ehtical principles and literary classics, buddhism, and many agricultural innovations
- how is assimilation an example of rule by hegemony?
- they are both when the predominance of a unit takes over another unit gradually
- Where does historians' knowledge of early Japan come from?
- most of our knowledge of these earlier years comes from archaelogical records or from references in the literatures of china and korea
- Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching)
- a text that strongly influenced legalism and neo-confucianism
- what helped preserve unity during the various periods?
- culture, religion, trade
- What impact did the caste system have on political, social, and cultural development in India?
- it lessened the need for a strong central government
- Explain 3 ways that India, China, and Rome are the same and different:
- RIndia lacks detailed political, military, economic, administrative, and personal records while rome and china compiled official histories. rome and china built institutionalized bureaucracies but india's states/empires generally were extensions of family lineage. all experienced invasion and partial conquest by the huns. rome and china touched most of the population directly while india was deeply rooted and more persistent
- cultural diffusion:
- the blending or spreading of ideas
- Bureaucracy:
- layers of organization, heirarchy, distribution of responsibility down a chain of command
- What was the caste system?
- rulers, high-level administrators, and wealthy landlords gave patronage to brahmins in the form of land grants and court positions. brahim priests also asserted their role in ritual performance
- Qin Shi Huangdi:
- introduced legalism and unified china. undertook the great wall of china and terracotta army and roads. burned confucian books and buried confucian scholars alive
- How was China divided after the fall of the Han dynasty?
- china was divided into 3 sates: wei in the north (29 million) the wu in the south (11 million) and the shu in the west (7 million) china was divded north from south by the Huai river busin halfway between the yellow river (north) and the yangzi river (south)
- The Analects:
- a record of words and acts of Confucius
- list at least 5 differences between the roman and chinese empire:
- differences: geopolitical (chinas heartland is a lot bigger), influence: china influenced lands even not conquered unlink rome. Language: chinese was never suboriented to another language. Longevity: china lasted longer while rome rose and fell. policy: china held by confucianism, rome held by military power
- Daoism:
- go with the flow...
- warring states period:
- when regional warlords annexed smaller states around them and consolidates their rule
- Compare and Contrast the views of Mencius and Xunzi:
- mencius had an optimistic view of human nature and thought education would bring out the best in peopl. Zunzi had a negative view of human nature. He thought human nature was bad and that through education and participation in riuals people would learn to put the needs of society before their own desires. He thought educations would emphasize restraints of human behavior
- summarize the ramayana:
- a shorter story about how the mythical god-king Rama defeated Ravana, the demon-king of Sri Lanka, who had kidnapped his wife Sita
- Summarize Confucianism:
- confucius thought you needed good officials, humanity, benevolence, and vitrtue and culture to have a good and successful government. He believed that gentlemen were made, not born, so he believed in having a proper education. He taught woever came to him and based his teaching off of 5 books and his own book. Confucianism wasn't accepted immediately, but under the Han Dynasty Confuciansim deominated for over 2000 years. It also influenced the political thought of Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
- What do Daoists believe?
- Daoists believe that an untutored simplicity is powerful, that the government should leave people alone. the need for a government was small. Daoism allowed the individual to find his or her own path and it led to a varity of popular beliefs. GO WITH THE FLOW
- Summarize the Mandate of Heaven in one sentence:
- it is a Chinese philosophical concept which concerned the legitimacy of rulers
- Arha-Sastra:
- Maurya Empire. a treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military stragies
- legalism:
- strict rules... harsh punishments
- What did Emperor Qin do to the Confucian scholars?
- he burned the confucian books and buried the scholars who continued to oppose his (460)
- Bhagavad-Gita
- an important scripture of Hinduism
- what are the vedas?
- religious reflections that refer to the life of the Aryan peoples who wrote them