Speech Sctience
Terms
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- Speech as Process: 3 Mechanical systems (Describe)
-
Repiratory (Energy source)
Phonatory System (Sound Source)
Articulatory System (Speech sound source)
--Speech is an "overlaid" function for all - Upper Pulmonary System
-
Oral & nasal cavaties
Pharynx - Lower Pulmonary System
-
Larynx
Bronchial System
Lungs - Chest Wall System
-
Rib-cage
Abdomen
Diaphragm - Pulmonary System
- Lung and Airways
- Visceral Pleura
- Membrane outside the lung
- Parietal Pleura
- membrane on the inner surface of the thorax
- Structures of Lower Respiratory System
-
Trachea
Bonchial System
Lungs -
Trachea
----Describe---- -
11cm long->2 1/2 cm wide,
closed anteriorly, open posteriorly, 16-20 rings -cartilage, cartilage and smooth muscle line the posterior surface - Epithelium
- tissue lining the trachea
- Skeletal Support for the Respiratory System
-
Rib Cage
Sternum
Vertebral Column -
Bronchial System
---Describe---- -
system of hollow tubes
pri, secon, tertiary divisions
terminal bronchioles-> respiratory bronchioles-> alveolar sacs (round at end) -
Lungs
-----Describe----- -
Asymmetrical
Rt. is larger ~3 lobes
Pleura - What does a newborn and old lung look like
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Newborn-Pink
Old-Grey - Pneumothroax
- Lung Collapse
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
----(IRV)--- - vol/quantity of air that can be inhaled after natural inhalation
- IRV range in adults
- 1500-2000cc
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Expiratory Reserve Volume
---(ERV)---- - Max. amnt. of air that can be exhaled after reg. expirat.
- ERV range in adults
- 1000-2000cc
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Residual Volume
---(RV)--- -
Max. amnt of air remaining in lungs after max. exhalation
--Increases w/age - RV range in adults
- 1000-1500cc
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Resting Tidal Volume/Tidal Breathing
---(TV)--- -
-Vol. of air exchange during a specific task
-Depends on build, age, gender
-Serves as ref. pt, meas.=CC's - Inspiratory Capacity
- Max amnt of air that can be inhaled at the end of reg. expiration
- Functional Residual Capacity
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Combo of ERV & RV-> FRC=ERV+RV
-avg=2500-3000cc in yng. adults (less outside group)
-vol. of air contained in lungs after normal exhalation - Vital Capacity
-
Total amnt of air avail. for life & Speech (max inhale to max exhale)
-TV+IRV+REV
-5000 typical VC in adults -
Total Lung Capacity
---(TLC)---- - -total amnt holding VC& RV
- TLC CC in male and female
-
Male=6000
Female=5000 -
Location of Air Intake
QB & SB -
QB: Nose
SB: Mouth - Time ratios for IN/EX
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QB: 40% IN.....60% out
SB: 10% IN.....90% out -
VOl of air inhaled/cyc. portion of VC utilized
-----Quiet Breathing----- - QB: inhale up to 50%, exhale down to 40% VC~~~~10% VC utilized (50-40=10)
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Vol. of air inhaled/cyclr portion of VC utilized
-----Speech Breathing---- - SB: inhale up to 60% VC, exhale down to 35-40% VC~~~~~~20-25% VC (60-40/35)
- Loud Speech
- 40% VC used
- Child Speech
- 40% VC used
- Muscle activity during Exhalation for QB & SB
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QB=inhale is active, exhale Passive
SB=controlled exhalation using abs. - Spirometer
- Instrument used to estimate lung volume
- What is Parkinson's Disease?
- A loss of involuntary/voluntary movement, neurological disorder
- Nature of Damage for Parkinson's Disease
- Muscle regidity
- Speech Characteristics for Parkinson's Disease
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Articulation-speech sound distorations (lips, tongue, teeth, not move the way they're suppose to)
Prosody- Flat inflection (intonation)
Laryngeal Control- Reduced vocal intensity (soft voice) - Respiratory Control for Parkinson's Disease
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-Compressed chest wall shape
leads to limited VC
-Compromised trachael pressure
-Compromised oral P (in mouth) - Compensatory Strategies for Parkinson's Disease
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Max. P. & control egressive air stream ( air out)
--reduce sentence length
--frequent inhalation
--speaking at the beginning of exhalation cycle
~Increased Vocal Intensity
--Strenthen vocal fold closure
--Enhance laryngeal control thru sustained vowel phonation
--Sustained (continuant) consonant phonation /s/ -
Cerebellar Disease
--Nature of Disease-- - Poor coordination of vol. movement
-
Cerebellar Disease
--Speech Charateristics-- -
Unpredictable pitch & loudness control
Scanned Speech (robotic) -
Cerebellar Diseases
--Respiratory Function-- -
Tidal Breathing my be jerky
Inspiratory gasps
VC may be below normal -
Cerebellar Diseases
--Mangement Strategies-- - Begin utterances significantly above REL (want to start so P. is fine & utterances are above)
- Spinal Cord Injury
- Near Cervical and Thoracic Region
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Spinal Cord Injury
--Nature of Problem--- - Poor/no enervation to muscles
-
Spinal Cord Injury
--Speech Characteristics-- -
Reduced VC
Reduced Vocal Intensity
Impresise consonant productin
Few Syllables per breath
Slow Inspirations -
Spinal Cord Injury
--Respiratory Function-- -
VC may be below normal
Difficulty accessing IRV, ERV
Larger abdominal volumes -
Spinal Cord Injury
--Management Strategies-- -
Encourage larger lung Vol.
Facilitate optimal posture/individually adjusted seating system
Greater Volitial control over speech (muscle strengthening coordination exercises) -
Cerebral Palsy
--Nature of Damage-- - Lack of O2(at birth), many degrees, hands rigid
-
Cerebral Palsy
--Speech Characteristics-- -
-Articulation-distortions (dysarthria) & hyper/hyponasality
-Prosody
-Laryngeal Control -
Cerebral Palsy
--Respiratory Function-- -
Smaller than Normal VC
Muscular Problems lead to coordination problems
P. Loss due to poor valve control -
Cerebral Palsy
--Management Strategies-- -
Postural Support
Abdominal trussing
Inspiratory Checking (someone take in air in sm. increments) -
Voice Problems
--Nature of Damage-- -
Central-neurological->coming from
Peripheral-Vocal fold damage -
Voice Problems
--Speech Characteristics-- - Varied, according to nature & scope of damage
-
Voice Problems
--Mangagement strategies-- -
Clavicular to abdominal breathing
Yawn sign (for vocal fold hyper function) - Larynx Trivia
-
-Sits atop the 1st trachael ring
-approx. avg. length (male-44mm, Female-36mm)
-Positioned higher in the throat (in infants and primates/early humans)
-Postitioned anterior to C4 thru C6 - Larynx Functions
-
-protection of airway
-locks air into lungs for certain activities
-phonation->act of producing sound
-swallowing -
Laryngeal Skeleton
-Joints (Location & Function)- -
Cricoarytenoids- Abduction & adduction of vocal folds
Cricothyroids- Lengthen & shorten vocal folds, =regulate pitch -
Inspiration-Expiration According to Boyle's Law->
Inhalation -
Inverse relationship btwn Vol & P.
Air flows in direction of Lower P ( Inhales )
Thoracic cavity vol. Decreases , lung Vol. Deceases ( exhale ) - Muscles of Respiration
-
Muscle activity depends upon overall activity,
Some muscles participate fully in resp. other facilitate the process -
Muscles of Respiration
--Primary Abdominal-- -
Diaphragm-> most important for respiratory stretch f/1 side of RC to->
"Resting State"-Inverted Bowl
"Active State"- Flattened Bowl (make up floor of thoracic & top of abdominal wall) -
Muslces of Respiration
--Primary Thoracic-- -
Intercostals- muscles btwn ribs
External Intercostal (lips)
--Location-Btwn ribs, bottom of rib
--Function-when EIC, contract, get external elevation of RC-> incr. vol. of thoracic cavity -
Muscles of Respiration
--Primary Internal Intercostals-- -
11 Pairs
Location: come down opposite angle of external
Funcion: Protection barrier for heart & lungs (lattis).
-Rib Cage pulled down - Respiratory System Breakdowns: Problems that may affect speech
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-Inadequate air supply-intake problems (vital capacity-limited)
-Inefficent Breath Control
~Limited access to VC due to muscular problems
~Loss of AP due to inadequate valving -
P trac
P oral -
Ptrac-AP of trachea (level)
Poral-AP at level of oral cavity - Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles: Commonalities
-
-All are involved in affecting glottal opening & varying the length & tension of the folds
-All are paired except Transverse Interarytenoid
-All are adductors, except Posterior Cricoarytenoid
-All are intervated by same branch of vagus (10th) except Cricothyroid -
Muscles of Larynx
--Extrinsic--
(strap muscles) -
Infrahyoid-Pull larynx down when contract
Suprahyoid-pull larynx up when contract -
Muscles of Larynx
--Intrinsic---
***ADDUCTORS*** -
Adductors- Close vocal folds
-lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA):paired
-Interarytenoid (IA):unpaired (closes glottis)
-Cricothyroid (CT): Paired (lengthen thin vocal folds)
-Thyroiarytenoid (TA): paired -
Muscles of Larynx
--Intrinsic--
***ABDUCTORS*** -
Abductors-open vocal folds
-Posterior Cricoarytenoid(PCA):paired -
Respiratory Physiology
--Nature of Inspiration-- -
Active Porcess (always)
Involves muscle contracion (always) -
Respiratory Physiolgy
--Nature of Expiration-- -
Passive process during QB
Involves Muscle relaxation
Active process during forced exhalation
--Involves contra. of abd. musc.
--Air forced out of Resp. system - Resting Expiratory Level/End- Expiratory Level (REL)
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Brief inst. alveolar press is = atmos. P
Contraction-relaxation forces hold ea. other - Aryepiglottic Folds (anatomy)
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-extend f/sides of epiglottis to apex of ea. arytenoid
-CLOSE LARYNX DURING SWALLOWING - TRUE FOLDS (ANATOMY)
- 5 LAYERS: 1. THYROIARYTIOD MUSCLE, 3 LAYERS OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE AROUND MUSCLE, 5TH LAYER = EPITHELIUM COVERING MUCUS MEMBRANE