Thinking and Language Chapter 9
Terms
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- cognition
- the way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing
- arfitical intelligence
- the science of creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when the are done by people
- thinking
- manipulating information as when we form concepts, solve problems, think critically, reason, and make decisions
- concepts
- mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics
- classical model
- states that all instances of a concept share defining properties
- prototype model
- peope decide whether an item reflects a concept by comparing it with the most typical items of that concepts that they know about
- problem solving
- an attempt to find an approprate way of attaining a goal when the goal is not readily avaliable
- subgoaling
- inolves setting intermediate goals or defining intermediate problems that put you in a better position to reac the final goal or solution
- algorithms
- stategies that guarentee a solution to a problem
- heuristics
- strategies or guidelines that suggest, but do not guarentee a solution to a problem
- fixation
- involves using a prior problem solving stategy and failing to look at a problem from a new perspective
- functional fixedness
- a type of fixation in which individuals fail to solve a problem becuase they are too fixated on a things usual functions
- mental set
- a type ot fixation in which an individual tries to solve a problem in a particular way that had worked in the past
- reasoning
- the mental activity of transforming to reach conclusions
- inductive reasoning
- reasoning from the specific to the general
- deductive reasoning
- reasoning from the general to the specific
- decision making
- invlves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
- confimation bias
- the tendencey to search for and use informaiton that supports, rather than refutes our ideas
- belief perservarance
- the tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence
- overconfidence bias
- the tendency to have more confidence in judgements and decisions that we should based on probability or past occurance
- hingsight bias
- the tendency to falsely report, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an event.
- availability heuristic
- a prediction about the probability of an event based on the frequency of the events past occurances
- representativeness heuristic
- making faulty decisions based on how well something matches a prototype- the common or representative example- rather than on its relevance to the particular situation
- language
- a form of communication whether spoken, written, or signed that is based on a system of symbols
- infinite generaltivity
- the ability to profuce an infinite number or sentences using a finite set of words and rules
- phonology
- a languages second sound system
- morphology
- a languages rule for word formation
- syntax
- a languages rules for the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
- semantics
- the meaning of words and sentences in a particular language
- basic-skill-and- phonetics approach
- stresses that reading instruction should emphasize the basic rules for translating wtitten patterns and sounds
- whole- language approach
- stresses that reading instruction should parallel a childs natual language leaning: so reading materials should be whole and meaningful