History Ch 29 (from Brianna's guides, edited by me)
Terms
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- Seventeenth Amendment
- Amendment allowing direct election of Senators
- Revolt of the Debtor
- In this era, common people were frustrated with economy and wanted reform, especially reform that would help poor farmers at the expense of creditors
- Pullman Strike
- After Pullman Co. slashed wages 1/3, workers went on strike & when Altgeld of IL refused to send in state troops, Cleveland sent feds to crush strike due to mail delivery being delayed; first time gov't intervenes in strike
- Adlai Stevenson
- "soft-money" VP of Cleveland's that would take over should anything go wrong w/ him
- James Blaine
- Aka "Plumed Knight" this man took secretary of state as consolation prize for failing to attain the presidency
- Senator Hill
- NY Senator who was D but bolted his party over the silver issue; was a "gold bug"
- People's Party / Populists
- Third party that demanded free and unlimited coinage of silver 16:1; graduated income tax; gov't ownership of telephone & telegraph
- Gold Standard Act
- Bill passed by R in 1900 that officially made gold the standard of US economy
- Fourth party system
- New party system that emerged in 1896 after the McKinley/Bryan election; marked the end of a large scale effort to gain agrarian votes, diminished voter participation, weakening of party organization, & fading issues of $ & civil service reform
- Weaver
- Populist candidate in 1892 who got over 1 million pop votes & 22 electoral votes (from KS, CO, ID, NV)
- Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act 1894
- Bill meant to lower tariffs & add in income tax of 2% on $4000+ that was amended 630x (eventually income tax was removed due to Supreme Ct. decision) that ended up not being as effective as initially intended
- J. P. Morgan
- Banker's banker who Cleveland turned to when Treasury sunk too low; agreed to lend gov't $65 million in hold but charged $7 million fee
- Depression of 1893
- Most devastating economic downturn of the century, this lasted 4yrs; caused by overspeculation, labor disorders, & agri depression; EU bankers called in loans
- Hanna
- Iron businessman who believed gov't's job was to aid business; backed McKinley w/ lotsa money in the 1896 pres campaign; chairman of the Republican Nat'l Committee
- Gold Bugs
- Backers of the gold standard in both D & R parties
- Eighteenth Amendment
- Amendment providing for prohibition
- Pinkerton Detectives
- Hired soldiers to put down Homestead Strike
- Colored Farmers' National Alliance
- More than a million black farmers organized in this union because they were often excluded from other orgs due to race
- McKinley
- Ex-congressman of OH who ran for pres in 1896 on gold standard platform;
- Dingley Tariff Bill
- Tariff once again raised 41.3% -> 46.5%, over 850 amendments tacked on; passed thru by Reed
- Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890
- Bill allowing for increase coinage of silver to help inflation please debtors; boosted price for the miners but doubled minimum silver that could be acquired under old Bland-Allison law
- Fifty-first Congress
- Also known as the Billion Dollar Congress, this grp of legislators was the first to appropriate $1 billion in peacetime
- GAR
- Grand Army of the Republic; veteran special interest grp who greatly benefited from Harrison's handouts
- Debs
- Labor leader who organized American Railway Union and Pullman Strike & was sentenced to jail for violating fed injunctions where he read socialist literature & became Socialist candidate later
- Sugar trust
- Trust that inserted $20 million/yr benefits to itself in the Wilson-Gorman tariff
- Harrison
- (R) president in 1889; he wanted to empty the surplus by pleasing political supporters such as the GAR; believed heavily in the spoils system
- Endless-chain operation
- Mechanism in which owners of paper currency would redeem it for gold & by law the notes had to be reissued, new holders would repeat process & drain Treasury of gold
- William Jennings Bryan
- Congressman from Nebraska who was a staunch silverite; ran under D & Populist ticket in 1896 pres election renowned for his oratory skills he gave Cross of Gold speech
- Nineteenth Amendment
- Women's suffrage amendment
- Brokered Convention
- At a political presidential convention, when one candidate does not have a majority, they go to ballots to negotiate a victor
- Cleveland
- Democratic candidate for 1892 election; had become more conservative since last time in office, wanted to fix surplus by lowering tariff
- Sixteenth amendment
- Adopted in 1913, this amendment allowed for an income tax
- Coxey
- Man who led march "Commonweal Army" on Washington for the unemployed & urged gov't to alleviate unemployment by an inflationary public works program
- McKinley Tariff 1890
- To please creditors, this bill raised tariffs to 48.4%, negatively affecting debtors and raising prices on domestic goods
- Theodore Roosevelt
- Native of NY who became appt'd to the Civil Service Commission under Harrison
- Olney
- Atty general of Cleveland who was arch-conservative & sent fed troops to quash Pullman strike due to mail not being delivered
- Jim Crow laws
- Segregation laws designed to enforce segregation in public places & backed up by lynchings & intimidation
- Thomas Reed
- (R) Speaker of the House who changed the House rules to have majority legislate and not be crippled by filibustering minority; he ignored (D) who left the chamber & made it so there wasn't quorum
- Tin peddlers
- Some of these men were reportedly on Demo payroll & went from house to house badmouthing the McKinley tariff
- Grandfather clause
- Attempt to keep blacks out of voting: required voters to have a forebear who voted in 1860
- Sixteen to one
- Ratio of silver to gold that Bryan rested his presidential platform on
- Pension Act
- Bill showering Civ War vets w/ pensions for those who served for 90days & were unable to do manual labor; helped secure need for high tariff & emptied out surplus
- Coin's Financial School
- Pamphlet created by William Hope Harvey to convince ppl that there was a conspiracy involved in raising gold above silver