Intro To soc 2
Terms
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- Trouble
- Personal Needs, problems and diffculties
- symbolic interaction
- focuses on ppls response to what others are doing
- social status
- a position in the social structure
- rights
- the behaviors that a person assuming a role can demand or expect from others
- role
- the behavior expected of a status
- social structure
- two or more people occupying social statuses and enacting roles
- symbol
- something physical to which people assign a name, meaning, or value
- conflict theory
- society is characterized by inequality and conflcit, who benefits?
- colonias
- dirty, unsanitized, more than 500,000 ppl live in them. They are in the U.S near the mexican border
- dysfunction
-
disruptive consequences
ex. prison> increase crime - latent function
-
unintended function
ex: prisons> cheap labor/jobs - manifest function
-
obvious, intended function
ex: prisons> reduce crimes - stuctual functionalism
- society is a complex system of parts which promotoe stablitty.
- sociological theory
- tell how society operate, ppl relate to one another in response to their surroundings
- Max Weber
- analyze and explain the course and the consequences of social actions
- Emile Durkheim
- socs. tasks is to analyze and explain solidarity( ties that bind ppl together)and the effects of susicide
- Bourgeoisie
- the owners of the means of production who exploit the labor of the proletariat
- proletariat
- those who muct sell their labor to the bourgeoisie
- means of production
- the resources( land, tools) essential to produce and distribute goods and services
- Karl Marx
- socs. task was to explain and anaylze conflict( the major source that drives social change)
- Industrial revolution
- changed the nature of work and the ways in which ppl interacted w/one another
- institution
- Emerged over time for human interaction and to meet some social need
- issue
- can be explained by factors outside an indvid. control and immediate environment
- social interaction
- when ppl communicate w/ lang. and gestures to affect one anothers behavior and thinking
- macrosoc.
- study of large social phenenena (groups and organizations)
- microsoc
- study of face to face interaction between ppl. (who makes more eye contact, men or women?)
- soc.
- the study of patterns in human interaction, the study of groups
- obligations
- the relationship and behavior that the person enactiing a role must assume toward others in a particualr status
- status symbol
- signs that identify a status
- ascribed status
-
involuntary; assigned to a person at birth
ex: black, gender, postion in family - achieved status
-
earned; attained largely through one's own effort
ex: occupation,education) - master status
- a status that is especially powerful in determining a persons identity
- role set
- the roles associated w/ ones stauts
- role conflict
- what is expected of us in one role conflicts w/ what is expected of us in another role
- drama approach
-
social interaction occurs in a "theather"
people "act" to impress - front stage
- how you act in front of ppl. what is expected of you
- back stage
- ppl can do things that are inappropate or unexpected on the front stage.
- impression managment
- ppl share their dress, words, gestures to fit the social situation
- scapegoat
- a person on group blamed for conditions the that the leaders cannot control
- deviance
- violation of norms, varies across space, time, or group. any behavior can be defined as DV. every culture has a rule or say on DV
- conformity
- behavior and appearence that follows a group. accepts cultural goals and the pursuit of these goals through legit means
- social control
- methods used to teach, or force a group members to comply with and not DV from its norms and expectations
- Norm
- rules ppl are expected to observe
- folkway
-
norm of everyday life
ex: what you wear to church, when we eat - mores
-
norms that are considered important to the moral well-being of a group. vilolations result in sever punishment
ex: canabalism - sanctions
- reactions of approval or disapproval to other behavior or appearance
- Positive sanction
- an expression of approval
- negative sanction
- an expression of disapproval for noncompliance
- Formal sanction
-
applied by an organization/agency
ex: dipolma from formal body - informal sanction
-
spontaneous or unoffical reaction
ex: dirty look - crime
- behavior that breaks the law
- law
- norms defined by a government
- crack/cocaine disparity
- certain racial groups get charged harder sentences from the same drug
- psychological view on DV
- personalities are not necessarily criminal
- strain theory
- DV occurs when socirty doesnt provide the legit means to achieve cultural goals
- conformist
- accepts cultural goals, uses acceptal means. Ppl who have not violated the rules of a group and are treated accordingly
- innovators
-
accepts cultural goals but uses rejects legit means to obtain goals
ex: drug dealer - ritualists
-
rejects cultural goals,"goes through the motions" uses legit means
ex: teacher - retreatism
-
rejects cultural and the means of achieveing those goals
ex: drug addict - rebels
-
tries to change cultual goals, uses DV means
ex: terrorist - differential association
- criminal(and non) behavior is learned from primary groups
- DV subculture
- breaks the norms of the larger society
- control theory
- social bonds that keep us from DV
- attachment
- connection to parents, teachers, conforming friends ( learn self control)
- commitment
- set goals (socially acceptable)
- involvement
- busy life; keeps from DV
- belief
- accept convential values
- Labeling Theory
- reaction from other ppl lead to DV
- self fulfilling prophecy
- believeing that something is true about you, and acting in a way that makes it true
- research steps
-
1.select the topic
2.review the litature
3.identify core concepts
4.choose a reseach design forming a HYPOTHESIS
5. analyze the results
6.report the findings - research question
-
what you are trying to find out
ex: How sexually active are college students? - variable
- trait or characteristic that can change under different conditions
- operational definition
- clear deifintions on how to observe and measure concepts and variables
- hypothesis
- an educated guess about how variables are related
- dependent variable
- the variable to be explained or predicted
- independent variable
- the variable that explains or predicts the dependent variable
- population
- the total number of indiv., traces, docs, or groups that could be studied
- sample
- a portion of the cases from a larger pop.
- sampling frame
- a complete list of every cases in the pop.
- random sample
- every case has an equal chance of being selected
- rep. sample
- those selected for study have the same distribution of characteristic as the pop. chosen for the study
- generalizablitity
- findings can be applied to the larger pop. from which the sample is drawn
- survey
- ask ppl questions
- experiment
- using highly controlled conditions
- control group
- the ppl who do not recieve treatment
- experimental group
- the ppl who recieve treatement
- confederate
- a person who is working in cooperation w/ a reseach project
- secondary sources
- data that have been collected by other researchers for some other purpose
- field research
- in dept, broader understading of process, small groups cannot generalize
- participatnt observation
- reseachers directly interact w/ participants
- non participation observation
- involves watching and listening, the researcher does not interact with the participant
- Nuremburg Code
-
1. consent
2. can terminate or refuse participation
3. no stress
4. clear benefits - Tusegee study
- " the longest research" unethical b/c didnt tell men they had diesease
- culture
-
societys total way of life
defined by meanings - Principles of Culture
- culture consists of material and nonmaterial components
- material culture
-
objects
ex: telephone, car, money
all have a particular meaning - nonmaterial culture
- ways of thinking and doing
- beliefs
- conceptions that ppl accept as true about how the wolrd works and where ppl fit in it
- values
-
shared conception of what is good, right, approiate
ex: marriage, pursuit bad guys - language
-
system of word meaning and symbols
permeates all parts of society - idiom
- words put together that have a different literally meaning of each word.
- feeling rules
- norms that specify appropiate ways express internal bodily sensations
- diffusion
- an idea, or invention is borrowed from a foregin source
- Culture shock
- strain ppl from one culture experience when put in a new culture
- ethnocentrism
- the tendency to assume that ones culture and ways of life are superior to all others
- reverse entho.
- says other cultures are better than theirs
- cultural relativism
-
understanding another culture w/o judging it
views ppls behavior from the perspective of their own culture - subculture
- groups that share in some part of the dominant culture but have their own norms, lang,ect
- socialization
- a lifelong process by which ppl develop an identity and learn about society/ culture
- internalization
- accept binding values, beliefs and lang needed to participate in the larger community
- collective memory
- past experiences of some ppl which are share by many ppl
- group
- share a distinct identity, feel sense of belonging, and interact w/ eachother
- primary group
-
members have strong ties and face to face contact
ex:family - secondary group
- larger, formal, impersonal. shared interest or activity
- ingroup
- ppl identify w/, feel closely attached, founded on hatered toward outgroup
- outgroup
- members of the ingroup feel hatred,seperated from, and opposition
- role taking
- stepping out of oneself and imagingin how others view your appearence.
- total institution
- ppl surrender total control of their lives, volintary and non, to staff
- generalized other
-
expected behaviors, meaning and viewpoints that transcend those of the ppl participating
ex: attitude of the whole community - looking glass self
- ppl see themselves reflected in others imagined reactions to their appearance and behaviors
- George Mead
- the I and Me concept the Me is social and follows norms and the I is the one that is sometimes looked at as inapporpaite or sometimes unique
- Charles Cooley
- used the lookin glass self to descibe the way ppl feel and see themsleves in the face of others.here we develop pride or shame
- harriet martineau
- conducted research on the U.S, see all the country and its diversity
- W.E.B Dubois
- 20th century is the color line, flaws is U.S system of racial classification
- society
- system of social interaction