apush - civil rights movement
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- Plessy v. Ferguson
- established seperate but equal facilities
- Scottsboro Boys case
- two black boys pulled off a train after quaraling with white boys - women claimed the boys raped them - life sentence
- A Philip Randolph
- "father of the civil rights movement" created idea of march on washington movement
- Presedential committee on civil rights
- .under Truman - expand civil rights section of the justice department and expanded laws against lynching
- Executive order 9981
- desegregation of the armed forces
- Eisenhower on Civil rights
- very conservative - didnt support it at first but appointed Earl Warren
- Brown v. Board of education
- (under Warren) - overturned Plessy v. Ferguson - seperate facilities is not equal
- Earl Warren
- appointed chief justice - very liberal and influential in the black cause (marshall defended Linda)
- Thurgood Marshall
- 1st African American chief justice
- Southern manifesto
- response to Warren's liberalism in the courts - anti-liberal statement created by s. congressmen
- Orval Faubus
- orders national guard to prevent 9 black students from entering Central HS (little rock) Eisenhower sends troops
- Emmitt Till case
- Mississippi headline murder- Emmitt makes a pass at a white woman and is murdered
- Mongomery Bus Boycott
-
.Sparked by Rosa Parks
.cheap taxi service aided boycotters - Martin Luther King Jr.
- creates "Southern Christian leadership conference" (sclc) and encourages nonviolent resistance
- Greensboro
- sitin on lunch counters, hotels, etc. by students and the Student nonviolent coordinating system (sncc)
- civil rights act of 1957
- prohibited discrimination in public places but not a big deal - was not enforced
- albany campaign
- in georgia - unsucessful
- Strom Thurmond
- longest filibuster in history (just keep talking so couldnt finish debate and vote on bills)
- Freedom Riders
- organized by CORE - tested Morgan v. Commonwealth ruling saying taht segregated buses = unconstitutional
- James Meredith
- 1st black man to attend University of Mississippi - JFK sends troops to protect
- Governor George Wallace
- University of Alabama - "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segreg. forever" - later runds for prez. and changes stance
- Medgar Evers
- civil rights activist - assasinated
- 16th street Baptist church
- 4 black girls killed in bombing
- Freedom Summer
- effort to organize voting campaigns
- 24th amendment
- abolishes the poll tax (the poll tax was a registration fee for voting)
- Civil rights bill of 1964
- forbade segregation in hotels, motels, restaraunts, etc. - this time more enforced
- Title VII
- under civil rights bill-discrimination based on reace, religion, gender, and national orgin=illegal
- voting rights act of 1965
- eliminated ridiculous literacy test that many blacks had to take to vote
- affirmative action
- a certain ratio of people would be counted... ex= colleges give benefits to blacks
- swann v. charlotte-mecklenburg borad of education
- desegregation of buses
- Bakke case
- racial quotas = unlawful (ex.=a white man denied from berekely b/c he was white)
- Nation of Islam
- black Muslim movement - most notable & well-organized
- Malcom x
-
.said not to be passive
."any means necessary" - Stokely Carmichael
- promoted black nationalism
- Huy Newton and Bobby Seal
- early organizers of the Black Panthers
- Watts riots and detroit riots
- began after an arrest of a black motorist - in NY & NJ
- Kerner Commission
- appointed by LBJ to investigate watts and detroit riots - found that blacks felt powerless
- Charles Stuart
- shoots pregnant wife and blames it on a black man
- Susan Smith
- drowns children in a car and blames it on a black man
- Rodney King beating
- sparks riots
- election of 1948
-
Truman defeats Dewey
.dixiecrats rise against Truman but fail - Truman's Fair Deal 1949
- preserved new deal programs but couldnt add to it
- GI Bill of rights 1944
- housing and educational aid to veterans - response to unemployment fears
- Taft-Hartley Act 1947
- outlawed "closed shops" & limited unions' power (closed shops=requirement of membership to union to work)
- Levitt towns
-
suburban assembly line production of housing - "white flight" to suburbs
.1st one in NY - John Kenneth Galbraith
- "the affluent society" - praises the 50's
- John Clellon Holmes
- termed the "beat generation" for the 50's
- Dr. Jonas Salk
- vaccine for polio
- Election of 1960
-
JFK v. Nixon - JFK wins b/c better spoken on tv
.series of 4 debates - New Frontier
- JFK's policy
- Warren Commission
- investigate JFK's assasination - "magic bullet theory" - Lee Harvey Oswald couldntve done by himself + Jack Ruby murdered Oswald
- Election of 1964
- LBJ wins w/ his "great society" platform & his war on poverty
- Medicare Act of 1965 & Medicaid
- under LBJ - help the elderly and underpriveledged respectively
- HUD
- Housing and Urban Devlopment under LBJ
- immigration act of 1965
- discontinued national origins system from 1920's
- "new left" & counterculture
- associates with protesting (esp. the viet. war), drugs, sex, and rock'n roll & "flower children"
- Timothy Leary & Woodstock
-
encouraged use of LSD & became counterculture leader
.woodstock = party area in SF - reapportionment decisions
-
in Baker V. Carr & Wesberry V. Sanders (under Warren)
.tried to eliminate gerrymandering of black votes - made their voice more significant - mapp v. Ohio
- (under Warren) established necessity of search warrants
-
Glideon Vv. Wainright,
Escobedo v. IL,
Miranda v. AZ - these three cases mainly protected the accused (right to a lawyer..etc...)
- Abington School District v. Schempp
- forced prayer banned in public schools
- Griswold v. Connecticut
- (a couple broke the law by using contraceptives) this established a right to privacy
- Warren E. Burger
- replaced Earl Warren as chief justice
- Alice Paul
- push for equal rights ammendment - never succeeds
- Betty Friedan
- "Feminine Mystique" and founded "national orginization for women" (NOW)
- the glass ceiling
- term applied to women and the invisible barrier keeping them from advancing in society
- Roe v. Wade
- (under Burger) legalized abortion
- Title IX
- guaranteed equal access for girls to all programs
- Sally Ride & Geraldine Ferraro
- 1st female in space & 1st female vp candidate for a major political party respectively
- Caesar Chavez
- leading spokesperson for Mexican Amer. rights - led the United Farm Workers Organization Committee (UFWOC)