Psych Ch. 9
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- a person's preference for and tendency to engage in effortful cognitive activities
- need for cognition
- the mental activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired and problems are solved
- cognition
- the sending and receiving of information
- communication
- a systematic way of communicating information using symbols and rules for combining them
- language
- the oral expression of language
- speech
- the system of rules that determines the proper use and combination of language symbols
- grammar
- the rules used in language to combine basic sounds into words
- phonology
- the rules used in language to combine words into sentences
- syntax
- the rules used in language to communicate the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences
- semantics
- the smallest significant sound units in speech
- phonemes
- the smallest units of language that carry meaning
- morphemes
- inadvertent speech errors that occur when sounds or words are rearranged
- slips of the tongue
- according to Chomsky's linguistic theory, an innate mechanism that facilitates the learning of language
- language acquisition device
- an early speech phase in which children used short, multiple-word sentences that leave out all but the essential words, like in a telegrammed message
- telegraphic speech
- the proposal that the structure of language determines the structure of thought, meaning that people who speak diffrent languages also think differently
- linguistic relativity hypothesis
- the use of masculine nouns and pronouns to refer to all peeople, instead of just males
- generic masculine
- a mental grouping of objects, ideas, or events that share common properties
- concept
- the process of forming concepts
- categorization
- the most representative members of a concept
- prototypes
- the thought process employed to overcome obstacles
- problem solving
- a problem solving strategy that involves trying one possible solution after another until one works
- trial and error
- a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule or step-by-step procedure until you inevitably produce the correct solution
- algorithm
- a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions
- heuristic
- a problem-solving strategy that involves a sudden realization of how a problem can be solved
- insight
- the tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs, while ignoring disconfirming information
- confirmation bias
- the tendency to continue using solutions that have worked in the past, even though better alternatives may exist
- mental set
- the tendency to think of objects as functioning in fixed and unchanging ways and ignoring other less obvious ways in which they might be used
- functional fixedness
- the way in which choices are structured
- framing
- the tendency to make decisions based on how closely an alternative matches (or represents) a particular prototype
- representativeness heuristic
- the tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event
- availability heuristic