edpy442 ch9
Terms
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- impasse layer
- individual wonders how they are going to make it in the environment
- Rogers ideas referred to as self theory
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-for a healthy self to emerge, need postitive self regard
-in childhood a person receives conditional regard from parents and others. feeling of worth only if they behave in certain way
-gap forms between ideals self and actual self. Further the gap, more maladjusted - Perls
- focused on helping individuals become more aware of many aspects of their personhood
- existentialists
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have some beliefs in common:
the importance of anxiety, values, freedom and reasponsibility in human life. But they differ in their emphases. - Rollo May
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-believed that anxiety could work for the good as well as the bad for people
-cofounder of the association for humanistic psychology - existentialists believe
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-people form their lives by choices they make
-focus on freedom of choice and action that goes along with it
-people are responsible for any choice they make
- Gestalt Therapy
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-stresses perception of completeness and wholeness
-Gestalt means whole figure
-emphasis how people function in totality
-popularized by Fritz Perls -
Vistor Frankl
(existentialist) - -used the term logotherapy: logo implies search for meaning
- phobic layer
- avoid recognizing aspects of self that a person would prefer to deny
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Frankl
noogenic neurosis - feeling one has nothing to live for
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Frankl
existential vacuum -
a sense that life has lost all meaning
- existentialism focuses on
- the meaning of anxiety in human life
- counselor roles
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-aware of the clients verbal & nonverbal language, and reflects back on what he is hearing & observing
-work as a facilitaor rather than a director
-limited use of psychologial tests, if so usually Q-sort test - Frankl-meaning goes beyond self actualization and exists at 3 levels
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1. ultimate meaning
2. meaning of the moment
3. common, day to day meaning - techniques of existential counseling
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-few techniques available
-to have a relationship with the client
-make use of confrontation
-accept the truth unique to each individual - Rogers
- most identified with person centered counseling
- Role of existential counselors
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-no uniform rules
-not unusual for counselor to share personal experiences to deepen the relationship
-emphasis on mutuality, wholeness & growth
-engage their clients in dialogue
-do not use psychological tests - phony layer
- pretending to be something one is not
- person centered counseling
- minimun emphasis on formal techniques and a maximum focus on the therapeutic relationship
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counselor must
(in gestaly view) -
1.promote client's exploration
2.be intensely & personally involved with client
3.be honest - goals of existential counseling
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-help client realize the importance of meaning, responsibility, awareness, freedom and potential
-take more responsibility for their lives
-activities will be evaluated by client first - person centered counseling nature
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-people are essentially good
-move toward self actualization from infancy on - Perls meaning of the word now
- now = experience = awareness = reality
- Affective theorists
- focus on making an impact on clients emotions to bring about change
- gestalt view
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1.the now is what really matters
2.focus:awareness (healthy individuals are those who are most aware) - goals of gestalt therapy
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-emphasis on here & now
-recognize the immediacy of experience
-help client resolve past to be more integrated - gestalt view is antideterministic:
- each person is able to change and become responsible
- experiments
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-not planned
-what is learned is a surprise to counselor & client - good stuff about existential approach
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-uniqueness of the individual
-anxiety in not always negative
-stresses continued human growth and dev
-effective in mulitcultural counseling
-connect individuals to universal problems
-may be combined with other perspectives and methods - limitations of existential counseling
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-has not produced a fully dev. model of counseling
-lacks educational and training programs
-difficult to implement beyond individual level
-closer to existential philosophy than to counseling - techniques of gestalt-2 forms
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1.exercises
2.experiments - examples of exercises
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1. dream work-counselor doesn't interpret, client directed to exprience what it is like to be each part of the dream, dramatized free association
2. empty chair-clients talk to various parts of their personality
3. confrontation-counselor points out incongruent behaviors and feelings
4. making the rounds
5.i take responsibility-client closes each stmt with "and I take responsibility"
6. exaggeration-accentuate unwitting movt or gestures
7. may I feed you a sentence - 5 layers of neurosis that may interfere with being in touch with one self
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1. phony
2. phobic
3. impasse
4. implosive
5. explosive -
implosive & explosive
(often grouped together) -
-feel vulnerable to feelings
-become alive in exploration of joy, sorrow & pain that leads to being authentic
-the "now" can be experienced fully - exercises
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-ready made, such as enactedment of fantasies, role playing & psychodrama
-evoke certain response ie.anger - goal of person centered counseling
- client as a person, rather than his or her problem
- limitations of gestalt therapy
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-lacks a strong theoretical base
-deals strictly with the now and how of the experience
-doesn't allow for passive insight & change
-eschews diagnosis & testing
-too concerned with individual dev. criticized for its self centerednesd - Perls viewed humans as
- complete entities(holistic) rather than individuals made up of seperate parts
- strenths of gestalt therapy
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-emphasizes helping people incorporate and accept all aspects of life
-resolving areas of unfinished business
-doing rather than talking
-flexible & not limited to a few techniques
- Rogers-phenomenological perspective
- what is imprtant in the person's perception of reality rather than an event itself
- Rogers-self actualization
- most prevelent and motivating drive of existence and encompasses actions that influence the total person
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3 periods of evolution in techniques
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1. nondirective period(40's & 50's):form relationship by creating a permissive, noninterventetive atmosphere. Main techniques acceptance & clarification
2.Reflective Period (1950-1957):creating nonthreatening relationships, reflect underlying affect back to the client
3.Experiential Period (1957-1980):positive regard(acceptance), congruence (genuineness) & empathy - Good stuff in person centered counseling
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-generated lots of research
-effective
-open relationship
-key-master listening skills
-positive view of human nature - ultimate goal of person centered counseling
- client is helped to identify, use and integrate his or her own resources and potential
- Godd stuff in person centered counseling
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-generated lots of research
-effective
-open relationship
-key-master listening skills
-positive view of human nature - limitations of person centered counseling
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-few instructions for counselors
-depends on bright, insightful, hard working clients for best results
-ignores diagnosis, the unconscious and sexual and agressive drives
-deals only with surface issues