COM 135 EXAM 1
Terms
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- Empowerment
- to have the resources, information, and attitudes that allow you to tke action to achieve a desired goal
- a public speaker is a source of info and
- ideas for an audience
- job of speaker
- encode the ideas and images in his or her mind innto a verbal/nonverbal symbole
- message
- what is said and how it is said
- message is transmtted through two channels
- visual and auditory
- auditory
- inflection rate, voice quality
- reciever
- the individual member who is decoding the message will depend on his or her past experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and values
- noise
- external, physical sounds that interfere with comminications or internal( physical or psychological)
- context
- the environment or situation in which the speech occurs.. .time, place, expectations
- rhetoric
- the use of words or symbols to achieve a goal
- declamation
- the delievery of an already famous speech
- elocution
- the expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, and voice
- insensitive communication apprehension
- previous experience in public speaking, lower heart rate
- inflexible
- highest heart rate, fear motivates them to prepare and be at their best
- confrontation
- very high heart rate at stART, then lowers
- speech topic
- the key focus of the content of a speech
- general purpose
- goal of speech, to inform, persuade, or entertain
- specific purpose
- a statement of the desired audience response, indicating what you want your listeners to remember, feel, or do when you finish speaking
- central idea
- one sentence summary of the speech contente
- main ideas
- key points of a speech
- invention
- the development or discovery of ideas and insights
- disposition
- the organization and arrangement of ideas and illustrations
- ethics
- the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong
- free speech
- legally protected speech or speech acts
- first amendment
- the amendment to the constitution thats guarentees free speech.. bill of rights
- speech act
- behavior, such as flag burning that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject to the same protections and limitations as verbal speech
- ethical speech
- speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerant
- ethical speaker
- has a clear goal, uses sound evidence and reasoning, is sensitive to and tolerant of differences
- accomadation
- sensitivity to the feelings, needs, interests, and backgrounds of other people
- plagiarizre
- to present somone elses words or ideas as though they were ones own
- plagiaphrasing
- failing to give credit for compelling phrases from another source
- oral citation
- the oral presentaiton of info about a source as the author, titile , and year of publication
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chapter 5
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- demographics
- statistical information about the age, race, gender, sexual orientation, educational level, and religious views of an audience
- open ended questions
- questions that allow for unrestricted answers by not limiting answer to choices or alternatives
- close-ended questions
- questions that offer alternatives from which to choose, true/false multiple choise
- audience analysis
- the process of examining information about tose who are expected to listen to a speech
- two ways ot become an audience centered speaker
- informally and formally
- informally: demographics
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formally
1. open-ended questions
2. close-ended questions - common ground
- similarities between a speaker and audience members in attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
- relationship
- an ongoing connection you have with another person
- audience adaptation
- the process of ethically using information about an audience in order to adpat ones message so that it is clear and achieves the speaking objective
- demographic audience analysis
- analyzing an audience by examining demographic inforation so as to develop a clear and effective message
- culture
- a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beleifs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of peple
- ethinicity
- that portion of a persons cultureal backkground that relates to a national or religious heritage
- race
- a persons biologicial heritage
- ethnocentrism
- the assumption that one's own cultural perspectives and methods are superior to those of other culutres
- target audience
- a specific segment of an audience that you most want to influence
- attitude
- an indiviudals likes or dislikes
- belief
- an individuals perception of what is true or false
- value
- enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong
- situational audience analysyis
- an examination of the time and place of a speech, the audience size, and speaking occasion in order to develop a clear and effective messaGE
- group membership
- religious, political, work, social., service
- socioeconomic status
- income, occupation, education
- audiences can be:
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interested/uninterested
favorable, or unfavorable
voluntary or captive - General purposes for speeches
- inform, persuade, entertain
- inform
- share information with listener by defining, describing, or explaining a thing, person place, concept , or function
- persuade
- to change or reinforce a listerners attitude, belief, value, or behavior
- entertain
- to help listeners have a good time by getting them to relax, smile, and laugh
- specific purpose should
- use words that refer to meaureable behavior, be limited to a single idea. reflect needs, interests of audience
- one sentence summary of speech, a single idea, audience centered idea, use specific language
- central idea
- the central idea of a speech plus preview of main ideas
- blueprint
- organization of the natural divisions in a central idea according to recency, primacy, complexity, or the speakers discretion
- topical organization
- arrangement of ideas from the most to the leas important
- primacy
- arrangement of ideas from least to most important
- recency
- arrangement of ideas from the simple to the more complex
- complexity
- organization bases by time or sequence
- chronicle organization
- organization based on location or position
- spatial organization
- organization that focuses on a situation and is causes or a situtation and its effects
- cause and effect organization
- organiztion focused on a problem and tjen various solutions or a olution and the problems it would solve
- problem an solution organization
- supporting material based mainly on opinion or inference, includes many hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, and analogies
- soft evidence
- factualy examples and statistics
- hard evidence
- a verbal or nonverbal signal that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next
- signpost
- a statement in the body of a speech that introduces and outlines ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses
- internal preview
- a restatement in the body of a speech of ideas tht have been developed so far
- internal summary
- an audiences perception of a speaker as competent, trustworth, knowledgeable, and dynamic
- credibility
- an illustration or breif story
- anecdote
- restate main ideas, use memorable way
- summarie the speech
- use verbal and nonverbal clues to signal the end of the speech, motivate audience to respong
- provide closure
- the quality of a conclusion that makes a speech sound finished
- closure
- using geometric shapes to sketch how all the main ideas, and supporting materal of a speech relate to the central idea and to one another
- mapping
- numbered or lettered headings and subheadings arranged hierachy to indicate the relationshops among parts of a speech
- standard outline form
- condensed and abbreviated outine from which speaking notes are developed
- delievery outline
- communication other than written or spoken language that creates maning
- nonverbal communication
- a communication theory that suggests that if listeners' expectations about how communication should be xpressed are violated, listerners will feel less favorable toward the comminicatore of the message
- nonverbal expectancy theory
- a theory suggesting that people tend to catch the emotions of others
- emotional contagion theory
- reading a speech from a written text
- manuscript speaking
- delieverying a speech without advance preparation
- impromptu speaking
- delievering a speech word for word from memory without using notes
- memorized speech
- speaking from a written or memorized speech outline without having memorized the exact wording of the speech
- extemporaneious speaking
- the degree of perceieved physical or psychological closeness between people
- immediacy
- behaviors such as making eye contact, appropriate gestures, and adjusting physical distace that enhance the quality of the relationship between the speaker and listeners
- immediacy behaviors
- a consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group a georgraphic region
- dialect
- the use of sounds to form words clearly and accurately
- pronunciations
- how high or low your voice sounds
- pitch
- the variation in the pitch of the voice
- inflection
- a microphone that can be clipped to an article of clothing
- lavaliere microphone
- a microphone suspended from a bar and moved to follow the speaker
- boom micro
- a micro attached to a lectern, sitting on a desk or standing on the floor
- stationary micrp
- anything tangible that help communicate an idea to the audience
- presentation aid
- the use of images as an integrated element in the total communication effort a speaker maked to ahcieve the speaking goal
- visual rhetoric
- a small object that represents a larger object
- model
- a pictorial representation of statistical data
- graph
- a graph which bars of various lengths represent information
- bar graph
- a displayy that summarizes info. by using words, numbers, or images
- chart
- images, charts, graphs, and words that are created usng a computer program
- computer generated graphics
- images or pictures stored in a computer file or in printed form that can be used in a presentation aid
- clip art
- a speech that teaches others new info. ideas, concepts, principles, or processes in order to enhance their knowledge or udnerstanding about something
- speech to inform
- the are and sicience of teaching children
- pedagogy
- the art and science of teaching adults
- andragogy