ATTENTION: I don't have chapter 4 keywords, please read inside
Terms
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copy deck
- a set of steps that, if followed correctly will eventually solve the problem
- algorithm
- mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics (e.g., a river groups together the Nile, the Amazon, and the Mississippi because they share the common characteristic of being a large stream of water that empties into an o
- concept
- preferring information that cofirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence
- confirmation bias
- Narrowing down a list of alternatives to find a single correct answer (e.g. standard academic tests generally require this)
- convergent thinking
- thinking that produces more alternatives or ideas; a major element of creativity (e.g., finding as many uses as possible for a paper clip)
- divergent thinking
- tendency to think of an object functioning only in its usualy or customary way
- functional fixedness
- strategies, or simple rules, used in problem solving decision making that do not guarantee a solution but offer a likely shortcut to it
- heuristics
- persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past rather than trying new ones
- mental set
- smallest meaningful unit of language, formed from a combination of phonemes
- morpheme
- smallest basic unit of speech or sound
- phoneme
- meaning or the study of meaning, derived from words and word combinations
- semantics
- grammatical rules that specify how words and phrases should be arranged in a sentence to convey meaning
- syntax
- a measure of the consistency and stability of test scores when the test is readministered
- realiabilty
- establishment of the norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test
- standardization
- ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
- validity
- a condition in which a person with mental retardation exhibits exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field
- savant syndrome
- a subjective feeling that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressions (frowns, smiles, and running)
- emotion
- set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a goal
- motivation
- organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal
- arousal theory
- motivation begins with a physiologicall need (a lack or deficiency) that elicits a drive toward behavior that will satisfy the original need, once the need is met, a state of balance (homeostasis) is restored and motivation decreases
- drive-reduction theory
- maslow's theory that some motives (such as physiological and safety needs) must be met before going on to higher needs (such as belonging and self-actualization)
- hierarchy of needs
- a body's tendency to maintain a relatively stable state, such as constant internal temperature
- homeostasis
- motivation results from external stimuli that "pull" the organism in certain directions
- incentive theory
- fixed response patterns that are unlearned and found in almost all members of a species
- instincts
- arousal, behavior, and emotions occur simultaneously; in this view, all emotions are physiologically similar
- cannon-bard theory
- movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions
- facial-feedback hypothesis
- emotions result from physiological arousal and behavioral expression ("i feel sad because i'm crying"), in this view each emotion is physiologically distint
- james-lange theory
- emotions result from physical arousal and cognative labeling (or interpretation) of that arousal based on external cues
- schachter's two-factor theory
- Goleman's term for the ability to know and manage one's emotions, empathize with others, and maintain satisfying relationships
- emotional intelligence
- motivation based on obvious external rewards or threats of punishment
- extrinsic motivation
- motivation resulting from personal enjoyment of a task or activity
- intrinsic motivation
- trait theory of personality that includes opennness, concientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
- five-factor model
- unconcious strategies used to distort reality and relieve anxiety and guilt
- defence mechanisms
- in freud's theory, the rational part of the psyche that deals with reality by controlling the id, while also satisfying the superego
- ego
- according to freud, the source of instictual energy, which works on the pleasure principle and is concerned with immediate gratification
- id
- adler's idea that certain feelings develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence
- inferiority complex
- period of conflict during the phallic stage when children are supposedly attracted to the opposite-sex parent and hostile toward the same sex parent
- edipus (oedipus) complex
- freud's term for thoughts, motives, or memories that can voluntarily be brought to mind
- preconscious
- in freudian theory, five developmental periods (oral, anal, phalac, latency, and genital) during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normally
- psychosexual stages
- freud's first and most basic defence mechanism, which blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness
- repression
- in freud's theory, the part of the personality that incorporates parental and societal standards for morality
- superego
- freud's term for thoughts, motives, and memories blocked from normal awareness
- unconscious
- maslow's term for the inborn drive to develop all one's talents and capabilities
- self-actualization
- roger's term for all the information and beliefes individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior
- self concept
- roger's term for love and acceptance with no contingencies attached
- unconditional positive regard
- maslow's term for the inborn drive to develop all one's talets and capabilities
- self-actualization
- regers's term for all the information and beliefs individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior
- self-concept
- rogers's term for love and acceptance with no contingencies attatched
- unconditional positive regard
- A projective test that presents a set of 10 cards with symmetrical abstract patterns, known as inkblots, and asks respondents to describe what they "see" in the image' their responce is though to be projection of unconscious processes
- rorschach inkblot test
- learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affecively, and behaviourally to a particular object
- attitude
- an explanation for the cause of behaviors or events
- attributions
- a feeling of discomfort caused by a discrepancy between an attitude and a bhavior or between two competing attitudes
- cognitive dissonance
- misjudging the causes of others' behavior as due to internal (dispositional) causes rather than external (situational) ones
- fundamental attribution error
- taking credit for our successes and externalizing our failures
- self-serving bias
- strong and lasting attraction characterized by trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship
- companionnate love
- intence feeling of attraction to another within an erotic context and with future expectations
- romantic love
- actions designed to help others with no obvios benefit to the helper
- altruism
- changing behavior because of real or imagined group pressure
- conformity
- reduced self-conciousness, inhibition, and personal responsibility that sometimes occurs in a group, particularly when the members feel anonymous
- deindividuation
- the dilution (or diffusion) of personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group member
- diffusion of responsibility
- a first, small request is used as a setup for later, larger requests
- foot-in-the-door technique
- blocking of a desired goal (frustration) creates anger that may lead to agression
- frustration-agression hypothesis
- cultural rule of behavior prescribing what is acceptable in a given situation
- norm
- following direct commands, usually from an authority figure
- obedience
- people we conform to, or go along with, because we like and admirethem and want to be like them
- reference groups