History
Terms
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- Prehistory
- the time during the development of human culture before the appearance of the written word
- Etruscans
- influenced Rome
- Archimedes
- Greek mathematician and physicist noted for his work in hydrostatics and mechanics and geometry (287-212 BC)
- hieratic script
- simplified version of hieroglyphics used in ancient Egypt
- Persians
- Spoke indo-european languages. Very advanced and one of the biggest empires
- Cyrus
- a persian king who began to conquer several neighboring kindoms
- Assyrians
- sematic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons
- Legalism
- governing by the strict following of the law
- plebians
- lower class
- Mycenaean
- Indo-European people who conquered the Greece mainland before overrunning Crete
- Mohenjo Daro
- ancient Harrapan city
- Mesopotamia
- the land between the Tigris and Euphrates
- epic poem
- a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds
- Crassus
- considered wealthiest man in Rome
- Aryans
- nomads who settled in the Indus River Valley
- vizier
- A government official that worked for the pharaoh
- Homo sapiens sapiens
- subspecies of Homo sapiens meaning "wise, wise humans"
- Aristotle
- he studied animals and plants
- Anthropology
- the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings
- acropolis
- the citadel in ancient Greek towns
- Huns
- Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome
- Darius
- King of Persia, after Cyrus
- Indo-Europeans
- spoke a language derived from a single parent tongue
- Caste
- a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth
- Confucius
- created Confucianism
- Dynasty
- a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family
- oracle
- a shrine where an oracular god is consulted
- priests
- religious leaders
- Latins
- People in Latium who became Romans.
- Caesar
- Roman ruler
- hominid
- a human
- Hinduism
- reincarnation is basic belief, caste system- Brahman, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sudras (Untouchables) Polytheistic - Brahman, Vishnu, Shiva. Had Upanishaps- literature based on the Vedas
- empire
- a group of countries under a single authority
- Pericles
- one of the greatest leader of Athens
- cuneiform
- a Sumerian system of writing, in which wedge-shaped symbols were used
- Nile River
- longest river in the world main river in ancient egypt
- Paleolithic Age
- "Old Stone Age"
- phalanx
- A massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers.
- praetors
- judges
- Lower Egypt
- The northern part of ancient Egypt
- Archaeology
- The study of the lives of early people through examination of their physical remains
- Mandate of Heaven
- when people believe that a new dynasty had the god's approval
- Crete
- Island inhabited by the Minoan civilization
- Thucydides
- Greek historian; observed the Peloponnesian Wars.
- Jerusalem
- capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel
- Neolithic Age
- "New Stone Age"
- Stoicism
- Zeno-Stoic(endure pain)
- Minoan
- civilization on Crete influenced Greek
- Hammurabi
- king of Babylon took control over Sumer and Akkad and set up a new Mesopotamian Kingdom
- Macedonia
- the ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander the Great in the southeastern Balkans that is now divided among modern Macedonia and Greece and Bulgaria
- Cleopatra VII
- tried to reestablish Egypt's independence with involvement with Rome
- monotheistic
- believe in only one god
- Virgil
- wrote the Aeneid
- Socratic Method
- question and answer format of teaching
- culture
- knowledge, values, customs, and physical objects that are shared by members of a society
- Mesoamericans
- inhabitants of present-day Mexico and Central America
- Sophocles
- writer of plays; used three actors; and made Oedipus Rex, and Antigone
- Constantine
- Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)
- Livy
- writer
- Domestication
- The taming of animals
- Atilla the Hun
- the general that united the Huns and destroyed much of Rome
- monarchy
- Government by a single, sovereign ruler.
- secular clergy
- religious people
- patriarchal
- Male-dominated.
- Delphi
- a temple dedicated to apollo
- Phoenicians
- trade empire at sea, better ships, alphabet
- hieroglyphics
- a system of writing using symbols or pictures
- Han Dynasty
- replaced Qin Dynasty after fall -founder Liu Pang
- Hatshepsut
- first known female pharoah
- Ramses II
- king of Egypt between 1304 and 1237 BC who built many monuments
- Homer
- Blind poet who wrote the Odyssey
- theocracy
- government by divine authority
- Giza
- an ancient Egyptian city; the site of the Great Pyramid Khufu
- Epicureanism
- Epicurus-epicure-(refined taste)-follow own self interest
- Nirvana
- the lasting peace that Buddhists seek by giving up selfish desires
- Qin Dynasty
- dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty in China
- Alexander the Great
- successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement
- Octavian
- Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC
- moksha
- The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. (179)
- Reincarnation
- Hinduism belief of a rebirth of a soul in a new body
- Zoroaster
- Persian Prophet
- Menes
- king of upper egypt united the two kingdoms of upper and lower egypt
- Hittites
- group famous for iron making and iron weapons toppled by "sea people"
- Bronze Age
- a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze
- Sanskrit
- ancient Indian writing
- Satrap
- a governor of a province in ancient Persia
- Aeschylus
- Greek writer of tragedies
- Indus River
- the location of the first river valley civilization of India
- Alps
- String of mountains across Italy
- Uruk
- A Large Sumerian city-state in Mesopotamia.
- Pompey
- part of the 1st triumvirate, defeated by Caesar
- aristocracy
- A hereditary nobility
- Hannibal
- General of Carthage
- Asoka
- converted to Buddhism and peaceful ways
- Marc Antony
- Caesars right hand man, and personal friend goes after conspirators
- Alexandria
- most important colony set up by Alexander, in Egypt, center for Hellenistic civilization
- republic
- a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
- Pharaoh
- the title of the ancient Egyptian kings
- Athens
- A powerful Greek city-state that was a long time rival of Sparta
- Pastoral Nomads
- people who domesticated animals for food and clothing
- Euripides
- more complex plots and more realistic questioned traditional beliefs
- helots
- Slaves to the Spartans that revolted and nearly destroyed Sparta in 650 B.C.E.
- Euclid
- wrote about geometry
- Carthage
- fought with Rome in the Punic Wars, had the great general Hannibal but was later defeated
- Babylon
- the chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capitol of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia
- polytheistic
- Belief in many gods
- Triumvirate
- Consisted of Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus
- Buddhism
- a world religion founded by Siddhartha Guatama (Buddha) in India in the sixth century
- Satrapies
- the 20 states of the Persian Empire
- Akkadians
- established world first empire
- Bureaucracy
- nonelective government officials
- Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
- 2 main rivers of mesopotamia
- Hyksos
- used horse-drawn chariots and bronze and iron weapons (ruled for 150 years)
- Artifacts
- object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced
- Yellow RIver
- a major river of Asia in northern China
- civilization
- The way of life of a group of people who have a written language, laws, and a government
- Olympus
- a mountain peak in northeast Greece near the Aegean coast
- Himalaya
- The highest mountains in the world; located in the far north region of India.
- Siddhartha Gautama
- founded Buddhism
- consuls
- two cheif officials
- Pax Romana
- Roman Peace
- Catalhuyuk
- one of the first Neolithic villages (located in modern day Turkey)
- Immortals
- there army which consisted of at least 10,000 people. If a person died he was immediately replaced by another soldier.
- Socrates
- Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth
- Olduvai Gorge
- a gorge in northeastern Tanzania where anthropologists have found some of the earliest human remains
- Australopithecus
- extinct genus of African hominid
- Upper Egypt
- located in the southern part of Egypt
- direct democracy
- more exact form of democracy-everyone participated
- Daoism
- created by Laozi
- Akhenaten
- early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (Amenhotep)
- Yangtze River
- main river in china
- Macedonia
- the ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander the Great in the southeastern Balkans that is now divided among modern Macedonia and Greece and Bulgaria
- Dao
- THE PROPER WAY CHINESE KINGS WERE EXPECTED TO RULE UNDER THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN
- Rome
- capital and largest city of Italy
- Harappa
- A large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan
- paterfamilias
- dominant male in family
- Iron Age
- the period following the Bronze Age
- Delian League
- Pact joined in by Athenians and other Greeks to continue the war with Persia
- Fertile Crescent
- An area where the worlds first civilizations first developed
- Phillip II
- The father of Alexander the Great; A king of Macedonia.
- Romulus Augustulus
- Last emperor of the western empire
- Varnas
- Social classes
- artisans
- Skilled crafts worker
- dharma
- in Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste
- King Solomon
- son of King David; transformed Jerusalem into a magnificent capital through heavy taxation
- mummification
- embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy
- Bronze Age
- age during Minoan civilization
- laity
- church members
- Sargon
- leader of akaadians, set up the first empire in the world
- Israelites
- Semitic-speaking people who leaved in commonday Isreal
- Thebes
- an ancient Greek city in Boeotia destroyed by Alexander the Great in 336 BC
- Out of Africa Theory
- theory that Africa is the birthplace for all human species; humans migrate from Africa towards other areas of the world around 1.5 million years ago
- monarchs
- powerful leaders, also called Kings and Queens
- ziggurat
- a pyramid shaped temple tower that rose above each sumerian city
- karma
- effects that good or bad actions have on a person's soul
- Clergy
- regular people
- Tutankhamen
- youngest pharoh, restored old gods,died early age
- Nebuchadnezzar
- chaldean king who made Babylonia leading state in western asia
- city-states
- state consisting of city and all the countryside around it
- democracy
- a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
- Pythagoras
- Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem
- Sparta
- an ancient Greek city famous for military powers
- monsoon
- a seasonal wind in southern Asia
- patricians
- A group of people who made up the ruling class of Rome
- eratosthenes
- Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the moon and sun (276-194 BC)
- Royal Road
- a road in the persian empire, stretching over 1,600 miles from susa in persia to sardis in anatolia
- Plato
- student of socrates-wrote 2 books-republic and apology
- Yoga
- a system of exercises practiced as part of the Hindu discipline to promote control of the body and mind
- Herodotus
- the ancient Greek known as the father of history
- Sumerians
- People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.