1920's - 1980's
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- What made its first widespread debut in WWII ?
- Tanks & Airplanes made first widespread warfare debut
- Allies sent 42 million men to fight
- over 22 million were killed
- 1920Â’s
- Decade of great change in U.S.: called Roaring 20Â’s / Jazz Age / Golden Era, Age of gangsters / prohibition.
- A Flapper
- A young liberated woman
- Margaret Sanger
- introduced the birth control pill
- Red Scare
- Communist revolution took place in Russia during W.W.I. - After war: fear of communism in U.S., Attorney General A Mitchell Palmers launches investigations of immigrants, Dies out as a result of not much public support, Approx 250 immigrants deported during this time
- Launches investigations of immigrants after "Red Scare"
- Attorney General A Mitchell Palmers.
- Black Sox Scandal
- 8 members of Chicago White Sox team throw World Series due to mob payments
- Sacco & Vanzetti
- Results due to red scare: 2 immigrants wrongly accused of murder, both were electrocuted, after, after deaths, FBI launches investigation – Vanzetti was found not guilty however questions regarding Sacco could not clear him
- Scopes Trial
- a.k.a. Scopes Monkey Trial, John T Scopes, a substitute teacher – teaches evolution to students which was against state law, Whole lawsuit revolves around teaching evolution v.s. creationism – Held in Dayton, TN -Clarrence Darrow is the defense attorney. William Jennings Bryan – consultant to prosecution. Everyone was waiting for face off between Darrow and Bryan – Bryan slips up on stand. Scopes was guilty of teaching evolution – fined $100.00
- Two main Attorneys in the Scopes Trial.
- Clarrence Darrow is the defense attorney. William Jennings Bryan – consultant to prosecution.
- 18th Amendment and the power behind it.
- Prohibition – Volstead Act
- 21st Amendment
- Ends Prohibition
- Two Exceptions to the 18th Amendment
- 1.Religious 2.Medical
- Prohibition caused an increase inÂ…
- Crime, Illness, Death
- Al Capone
- Most Famous Mobster, made money in money laundering, drug trafficking, extortion, blackmail, prostitution. The press really liked him.
- Elliot Ness
- Leader of the Untouchables – FBI special team.
- Tax Evasion
- Crime that took Al Capone down.
- Henry Ford
- Automobile and the Assembly line
- Orville and Wilbur
- Invented the Airplane, Kittyhawk N.C.
- “Wright Flyer”
- First Airplane 12-second flight
- Charles Lindenburg
- 1st to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean – “Spirit of St. Louis”
- “Spirit of St. Louis”
- Charles LindenburgÂ’s airplane. Took 33hrs and 39min. NY to Paris
- Carrigon
- “Wrong-way”
- Amelia Earhart
- First Women to fly across Pacific – Disappears
- 1st “Talkie” movie
- “The Jazz Singer”
- 1920 President
- Warren G. Harding (Term marked by corruption)
- Teapot Dome Scandal
- Over Federal Reserve Oil, Charles Denby and Albert Fall, Sec of Navy and Interior.
- Edward Dohoney and Harry Sinclair
- Teapot Dome ScandalÂ’s business men initiated scandal
- 1920's Considered best Secretary of State.
- Charles Evans Hughes
- Washington Naval Conference
- “Shining light” of Harding’s term. Tried to stop WWII before the “thought” came. The conference was for a treaty over “Naval Arms Limitations” - Many treaties were signed.
- Calvin Coolidge
- Becomes president after Harding dies. 1924 re-elected into office. “Silent Cal” Restored “Confidence” to the presidency.
- Kellog-Briand Pact of 1924
- “Pact of Peace”, U.S. and France signed to keep the peace. Outlawed warfare.
- Election 1928
- R- Herbert Hoover, D-Alfred Smith, 1st Election to use the Radio. Hoover sounded more "presidential."
- Alfred E. Smith
- 1st Roman Catholic to run. Country thought the Pope would “run” the country.
- Black Tuesday
- Oct 29, 1929 – Stock Market Crash
- Reconstruction Finance Corp.
- RFC – tried to funnel money through businesses, insurance, labor unions to get money into the hands of the people. ---To help “jumpstart” the economy.
- Hoover Dam
- Dam created between Nevada+Arizona. A source for Government Jobs. Everyone “flocked” to the area – creating “Shantyvilles/Hoovervilles” – Homeless people.
- Bonus Army
- WWI veterans were promised a bonus before the depression, marched on Washington to protest (Set up Shantyvilles). Gen. McArthur called out Army with bayonets, tanks, tear gas – killed babies.
- Five Power Naval Treaty
- Signed – US, GB, Japan, France, Italy. Arms limitations treaty. Japan violated it.
- Events that led up to the Great Depression
- Events that led up to the depression include: Stock market crash, buying on credit, over production by industries and farmers, no trade with Europe –they are already in depression, Farmers move to cities, Bank “runs”, revenue tax cut – before depression. Increase in: death, crime, and prostitution.
- HooverÂ’s attitude during the depression times?
- Government is to do nothing.
- 1932 President
- Franklin D. Roosevelt (Dem) + Dem Congress.
- New Deal
- FDR’s platform during the first 4yrs. New Deal – Three R’s: Recovery, Reform, Relief.
- Recovery, Reform, Relief
- Three RÂ’s of FDRÂ’s platform
- Bank Holiday
- Gave banks one week off to get a chance to reorganize and to stop the “bank runs.” – All gold to be cashed in. Stabilizes the economy.
- Special Session of Congress
- “100 Days of Congress” – most of the New deal was passed during this time.
- Glass-Steagall Act
- Created the FDIC (and the SEC?)
- SEC
- Securities Exchange Commision – The “watch dog” of the stock market.
- Triple “C”
- Civilian Conservation Corporation. Men 18-24yrs put to work. Run by the Army. Plant trees, pay $1/day.
- TVA
- Tennessee Valley Authority. Put people to work on dams (Tenn River). Built 20 Dams. Brought electricity/power to Tennessee area.
- WPA
- Workers Progress Administration. Anyone that didn’t fit in the “Triple C” or “TVA”. Built houses, roads, schools. Built 125,000 public bldgs, 65,000 roads, 75,000 bridges.
- Triple A
- Agriculture Adjustment Act. Government subsidizing to farmers. Later, Supreme Court=Unconst.
- National Industrial Recovery Act
- Suspended all Anti-trust acts. In exchange, companies had to deal fairly with labor unions. **Ended Child Labor
- Wagner Act
- National Labor Relations. Mediate between Union and Company. Most Recent - Maj. League Baseball. Created CIO – Congress of Industrial Organization.
- Court Packing Plan
- FDR attempt to pack the supreme court with his own people. Allows FDR to appoint 1 new judge (max 6) for every sitting judge 70yrs of age/older with at least 10yrs of service. Went from 9 to 15 judges.
- John Maynard Keynes
- British Economist promoted deficit spending and government intervention.
- Adolf Hitler
- Rules Germany – Dictator
- “Winds of War”
- Beginnings of WWII
- Three big dictators
- Hitler – Germany, Mussolini – Italy, Stalin – Soviet Union.
- Axis Powers
- Germany, Italy, Japan
- Allies
- US, GB, Russia, France
- U.S.’s response to the growing “war” in Europe?
- Isolationism. Pass Neutrality Acts.
- Neutrality Acts
- Laws passed to isolate Trade, Travel, Banking.
- September 1, 1939
- Official Start of WWII. Germany invaded Poland.
- USS Panay
- Attacked by Japanese- Ship shot in Chinese waters.
- Cash and Carry
- Europe could come to the US and get supplies but they must pay cash.
- Destroyers for Bases Deal
- England can have 50 ships from US, but US gets 7 bases in return.
- Land-Lease Act
- Britain has run out of money. US start letting Britain borrow/ “lending” supplies. US nickname “Arsenal of Democracy”
- Election 1940
- FDR – First president to get a 3rd Term
- Atlantic Charter
- A metting with England’s leaders. Decided if America gets in war, 1- will fight a European war first. 2- Create an organization to take the place of the League of Nations – U.N.
- USS Reuban James
- Sunk by a U-boat, lost 100 men. Happened right before Pearl Harbor.
- Pearl Harbor
- Dec 7, 1941. “Day that will live in infamy” – US is now a part of WWII.
- Operation Torch
- Invasion into North Africa –Successful retaking. Eisenhower and Patton –2 Generals in Charge.
- Eisenhower and Patton –2 Generals in Charge of what operation?
- Operation Torch – retaking of North Africa
- Operation Husky
- Invasion into Italy – General Patton (Mussolini caught and put in jail).
- Operation Avalanche
- Fight to keep Italy – Massive Battle fought until the end of the war. General Mark Clark in charge.
- Operation Overlord
- Invasion into Normandy France. AKA “D-Day”. June 6, 1944. Code name for beaches Omaha and Utah.
- Omaha and Utah codenames
- Code name for beaches in Normandy France.
- “Turning point of war for Germany”
- D-Day, after this day they were on the defensive.
- “Battle of the Bulge”
- Fight for a “Crossroads”. Germans last trying attempt to break through the Americans. Didn’t work – only created a bulge.
- Election of 1944
- FDR elected for a 4th term. Died and (VP)Harry Truman became president.
- VE Day
- May 2, 1945. “Victory Europe”
- Pacific Theater- Japanese had most of the Pacific islands. Fight over the Philippines: Who was in charge?
- Douglas McArthur
- Bataan Death March
- 20,000 POW Marched 500miles into “camps” 500-600 died along the way.
- Jimmy Doolittle
- General in charge of the raid on Japan – from aircraft carrier. B-25 bombers to bomb Tokyo. Strategically not worth anything – but morale went up in the U.S.
- Battle at Coral Sea
- Partial turning point of war. “Draw” between US and Japan. First time US “stopped” Japan.
- Battle of Midway
- Broke the Japanese code. “Blew away” Japanese fleet. Turning point -Japan went on the defensive.
- Island Hopping
- Strategy to “hop” islands, not to conquer every one.
- Iwo Jima
- Location of Marine memorial – Raising the Flag. Mount “Sere Boji” – Wanted this area for an airfield.
- Manhattan Project
- Top secret plans for the A-bomb.
- Dr. Robert Oppenhiemer
- In charge of the Manhattan Project. “I am the destroyer of worlds”
- Paul Tibbits
- Pilot of the B29 bomber “Enola Gay” that dropped the 1st A-bomb in Hiroshima.
- Charles Sweeny
- Pilot of the B29 bomber “Boc’x Car” that dropped the 2nd A-bomb in Nagasaki.
- USS Missouri
- Japan formally surrendered on this ship in Tokyo Bay.
- September 1, 1939 – September 1, 1945
- Official Start and End dates of WWII.
- VJ
- Victory Japan, Sept 1, 1945.
- Description of the 1950Â’s
- Age of Prosperity. People are happy. War and depression are over. Economic Boom for 20yrs. Increase in Labor. Increase in Consumerism. “Baby Boomers”
- GI Bill
- “Service Readjustment Act” –Official name. To send veterans to school. Industries can not absorb all of the veterans returning from WWII. 2mill – College 3.5 mill- Tech Schools. 700,000 Farming schools. Congress spent 14.5 Billion to fund program. Ended in 1956.
- Baby Boomer
- Population expansion after the war.
- Results of the GI Bill
- A shift from “Blue Collar” workers to “White Collar” – managers etc. “White Flight” – mostly white men.
- Marshall Plan
- The plan to rebuild Europe. Named after PattonÂ’s Sect. of State. The plan was to make sure the government was stabalized enough so that communism would not spread.
- U.N.
- United Nations created in 1945. HDQTRS in NY in a building donated by Rockefeller.
- Nuremberg Trials
- Trials for War Crimes of the Nazis.
- Major Overseers of the Nuremberg Trials
- US. GB. France. Russia. 22 on trial. 19-guilty. 12-death penelty.
- Nuremberg Trials – 3 Violations
- 1.Waging an aggressive war. 2.Breaking the Established rules of war. 3.Crimes against Humanity.
- Berlin Airlift
- Russia has blocked the Eastern side of Berlin. US uses Cargo planes to get in and out of area. Used to for food and supplies. Ran 24hrs/day
- Containment Doctrine
- How to deal with Russia. Stop the spread of communism. George F. Kennan – State Dept’s idea.
- Truman Doctrine
- Containment Doctrine but more specific. Gave money to Turkey and Greece to help the economy. To stop the spread of communism.
- National Security Act
- Congress passed to re-organize the government to deal with the Cold War.
- List 4 things created out of the National Security Act.
- 1.CIA 2.DOD 3.VOA 4.NSA
- NATO
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Created to “protect each other”
- RussiaÂ’s version of NATO?
- Warsaw Pact (Countries were forced into agreement)
- Joseph McCarthy
- Saw Communism in everything. Created “Committee of Un-American Activities”. Started “witch trials” in Hollywood.
- Rosenburg Trial
- Selling the A-Bomb plans to the Russians. Convicted of Treason and sentenced to death. Electrocution.
- Hydrogen Bomb
- 1952 Marshall Island, Bikini Atoll. 100x more powerful then the A-Bomb.
- Korean War
- 1st Cold War – 1950 N.Korea invades South to make it Communism. 1st real test of “containment”. 1st time troops will be needed for “containment” UN is also being tested because S.Korea is a member.
- Inchon Landing
- Amphibian attack in Korea. To relieve pressure in Pusan.
- 1952 Election
- Dwight Eisenhower with Richard Nixon(VP).
- Checkers Speech
- Nixon’s TV speech about the family dog. About illegal campaign contribution. To “clear” his name.
- Jackie Robinson
- Breaks the “color line” in Major Leauge Baseball .Brooklyn Dodgers –owner Branche Ricky.
- Rosa Parks
- 45yr old seamstress. Refused to give up seat on bus. Violated city transportation laws.
- MLK Jr.
- Takes over modern civil rights movement. Started the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Founded the SCLC.
- Thurgood Marshall
- Lawyer for Brown in Brown vs Board Ed. Later becomes the 1st black Supreme Court Justice.
- Brown vs Board Ed.
- Desegregation of schools
- Brown vs Board Ed. overturned what previous ruling?
- Plessy vs. Furgeson
- Orville Fabas
- Governor of Arkansas that went against direct order to desegregate schools.
- Ho Chi Mein
- Leader of the uprising (for communism) in South Vietnam.
- Dien Bien Phu
- Location of French Massacre in Vietnam.
- Sputnik
- 1st Russian satellite in space.
- U-2 Incident
- Spy plan shot down over Russia Pilot was Francis Gary Powers. Begins the “Space Race”
- Election 1960
- JFK defeats Nixon
- Peace Corps
- Cold War tool. Humanitarian Org.
- Berlin Wall
- Symbol of the Cold War – E+W Berlin separated.
- Two big parts of Cold War
- Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis
- Bay of Pigs
- Cuban exiles are trained in Florida to “retake” Cuba. The group was called La Brigade. Unsuccessful – major embarrassment. JFK’s worst mistake. Paid Castro 53 million for the release of the Brigade.
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- Russia sending in missles into Cuba to be pointed at US. JFK sends Navy to blockade. Dismantle site and US looses Platt agreement.
- Flexible Response
- “Limited War” Bad war strategy. Used this strategy for most of the Vietnam war.
- Robert McNamara
- Created the idea of Flexible Response
- Lee Harvey Oswald
- Assassinated JFK, killed by Jack Ruby.
- Election of 1964
- Lyndon B Johnson
- The Great Society
- LBJÂ’s Platform dealt largely with Civil Rights.
- 24th Amendment
- Abolished poll tax as prerequisite to vote
- Voting Rights Act
- Banned illiteracy tests
- Watts Riot
- Protest got out of hand. Lasted 1 week. 33 Blacks dies. 3 Whites died.(Watts is a town)
- Malcom X
- Advocate of violence, Nation of Islam Leader. Wanted segregation of everyone.
- James Earl Ray
- Assassinated MLK
- Gulf of Tonkin
- Congress gave the power to Pres. Johnson to “micromanage” the war.
- Tet Offensive
- Urban warfare. Vietnam had begun fighting in the cities. Military victory but huge discredit to Johnson politically – “He lied to us about winning”
- My Lai
- US soldiers can’t trust anyone anymore. Start killing everyone. Promoted by “kills”. Started rapes.
- 1968 Election
- Hubert Humphrey (D), Bobby Kennedy (R) – Assassinated. Richard Nixon (R). Nixon won.
- Timothy Leery
- Berkley Professor advocating drugs – Acid
- 1970 President
- Richard Nixon (Re-elected in 1972, Original 1968)
- What did Richard Nixon do that no other president had done?
- Visit with China. Tired to build “bridge” with China and Russia.
- Détente
- French term meaning “Relaxed Tension”
- Nixon used what sport to “become friendly” with China?
- Chinese past time: Ping-Pong.
- SALT Agreement
- Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
- Vietnamization
- Strategy to slowly withdraw troops but to continue to supply South Vietnam. AmericanÂ’s perception of Nixon was he was trying to escalate the war.
- Kent State
- Anti-war demonstration at University. Killed 4 students. National Guard got “fenced in” and panicked.
- End of Vietnam War
- Apr 29, 1975 –US Pulls out, South falls to North. 118 billion dollars. 56,000 died.
- Henry Kissinger
- Sec. Of State under Nixon
- Watergate Scandal
- Nixon administration breaks into the Watergate hotel to steal Democratic “strategy” for election. Nixon’s crime is that he covers it up.
- Pentagon Papers
- JFK called for study into “Flexible Response”. The results looked very bad. Decided to keep the papers confidential. DANIEL ELSBERG sneaks the papers out to the press.
- Woodward and Bernstien
- Investigative reporters trying to “find someone guilty” in Watergate
- Agnew (vp to Nixon)
- Only one found guilty during Watergate – Illegal campaign funds (Gerald Ford is appointed VP)
- Nixon Resigns, Who becomes president?
- Gerald Ford – only president in history that was not elected.
- Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme and Sara Jane Moore
- Two women who try to assassinate Ford. (Unrelated events)
- Election of 1976
- Jimmy Carter elected
- American Hostages in Iran
- 60 Hostages taken in “storm” of Embassy. Jimmy Carter couldn’t do anything right. Everything failed. Mission of helicopters crashed. (Released in 1980 when Reagan takes office).
- Election of 1980
- Ronald Reagan (R) Jimmy Carter(D) – Reagan wins Walter Mondale runs with Gerldine Ferraro – 1st women to run.
- John W. Hinckley, Jr.
- Attempted assassination on President Reagan
- ReaganÂ’s Promise during campaign
- End of Cold War.
- Events helping Reagan win Cold War
- Russia invades Afghanistan. Poland Rebellion- Russia puts down. KAL-0700-Russia shoots down.
- Strategic Defense Initiative
- SDI - “Star Wars”. Satellite to orbit in space – shoots down missiles. (Forces Russia to try and “keep up” with US. Russia’s economy falls)
- Granada Invasion
- “Operation Urgent Fury” 1983. Marxist Leader took over island. Reagan sent in Army and Marines to take back Island. (Containment)
- Iran-Contra Scandal
- US supported ContraÂ’s. Raised money on Black market to sell weapons. Iran was a part of this. Implicated Lt. Col. Oliver North
- Sandra Day OÂ’conner
- 1st Women as Supreme Court Justice
- Noriega (Panama)
- Drug dealer. US served warrant for arrest with Army.
- Allen Shepherd
- 1st Man in Space (1st to play golf on moon)
- Mercury Project
- Make sure Man gets into space. Mainly research. 1 man capsule. Total time in space 15min.
- John Glenn
- 1st Man to orbit Earth
- Gemini Project
- (Past Soviet UnionÂ’s Program) Research.
- Ed White
- 1st Man to do a space walk (During Gemini Project)
- Appollo 11
- 1st moon landing.
- Neil Armstrong
- 1st Man to walk on moon
- The Enterprise
- 1st Space Shuttle
- Colombia
- 1st Space shuttle in Space
- Challenger Explosion had the firstÂ….?
- Teacher
- Sally Ride
- 1st Women in Space
- Gary Blueford
- 1st African-American in Space