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- 2 Types of ways to gather information
- informally and formally
- Demographic analysis
- age, gender, sexual orientation, cultural, ethnic, racial background, socioeconomic status
- Psychological analysis
- attitudes, beliefs, values
- Situational analysis
- time, location, audience size, location, occasion
- Non-verbal cues from the audience
- eye contact, facial expression, movement
- Responding to nonverbal cues (if audience seems board)
- tell a story, example audience can relate to, use a personal example, remind them of why it is important to them, eliminate abstract facts/statistics, use appropriate humor, make direct references to audience, ask them to participate, ask for a direct response, pick up pace of delivery, pause for dramatic effect
- Responding to nonverbal cues (if audience is confused or doesn't understand)
- be more redundant, phrase in another way (give an example), use visual aids, slow delivery rate, clarify overall message, ask for feedback, ask for audience member to summarize
- Responding to nonverbal cues (if audience disagrees with your message)
- Provide additional data and evidence to support your point, remind of your credibility, less anecdotes and more facts, write facts on chalkboard
- Why is the receiver is important?
- The receiver is the audience and the audience is the reason for the speech
- 3 steps of being an audience-centered speaker
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1. gather information
2. analyze the information
3. use information to ethically adapt to your listeners - Process of ethically adapting to your audience
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1. To whom am I speaking?
2. What does my audience expect from me?
3. What topic would be most suitable to my audience?
4. What is my objective?
5. What kind of information should I share with my audience?
6. How should I present the information to them?
7. How can I gain/hold their attention?
8. What kind of examples would work best?
9. What language differences do members have?
10. What method of organizing information will be most effective? - What is the difference between oral and written language styles
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Oral is more...
1. More personal
2. Less formal
3. More repetative - 3 Ways to use words effectivley
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1. Use specific, concrete words
2. Use simple words
3. Use words correctly - How to adapt your language style to diverse listeners
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1. use language your audience can understand
2. use appropriate language
3. use unbiased language - How to create figurative language
- use of metaphors, similies, and personification
- How to create drama
- use of short sentences, omission, inversion, suspension
- How to form cadence
- parallelism, antithesis, repetition, alliteration
- Tips for using language effectivley in a public speech
- use distinctive stylistic devices sparingly, use stylistic devices at specific points in your speech, short words are more forceful than long ones, use stylistic devices to economize
- Persuation
- The process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior
- Attitudes
- represent our likes and dislikes, easiest to change
- Belief
- what you understand to be true or false
- Value
- enduring concept of right or wrong, hardest to change
- 2 ways you can be persuaded
- directly and indirectly
- cognitive dissonance
- sense of mental discomfort that prompts a person to change when new information conflicts with previously organized thought patterns
- Social judgement theory
- categorizes listener responsiveness as in the latitude of acceptance, latitude of rejection, or latitude of non-commitment
- Proposition of fact
- focuses on whether something is true or false or whether it did or did not happen
- Proposition of value
- Calls for listener to judge worth or importance of something
- Proposition of policy
- advocates change in policy, procedure, or behavior
- Positive motivation
- statements suggesting that good things will happen if speakers advice is heeded
- Negative motivation
- change someones attitudes or behavior by the use of threat and fear
- Hierarchy of needs
- self-actualization, self-esteem, social, safety, psychological needs
- Ethos
- speakers credibility
- Pathos
- Emotional appeal
- Logos
- formal system of logic
- 3 factors of ethos
- competence, trustworthiness, dynamism
- Enhancing credibility
- initial, derived, terminal credibility
- Types of reasoning
- inductive, deductive, causal
- Inductive reasoning
- specific to general
- Deductive reasoning
- general to specific
- Causal
- 2 or more events caused another event
- 7 fallacies
- causal, bandwagon, either/or, hasty generalizations, ad hominem, red herring, appeal to misplaced authority
- Causal fallacy
- b/c one event follows the other doesn't mean the two are related
- Bandwagon fallacy
- B/c everyone believes it then it must be valid/correct
- Either/or
- over simplification of an issue into a choice b/t only two outcomes or possibilities
- Hasty generalizations
- reaches conclusion from too little evidence or non existent evidence
- Ad Hominem
- attacking person rather than the idea
- Red herring
- attack issue by using irrelevent facts as distractions
- Appeal to misplaced authorities
- testimony of expert in one area to endorse area they are not an expert in
- Persuading a diverse audience
- use evidence, appeals to action, message structure, persuasive communication style
- Emotional appeals to persuade
- use concrete examples, use emotion-arousing words, non-verbal behavior to communicate, visual aids to evoke emotions, appropriate fear appeals, consider simultaneous appeals to several emotions, tap into audience members beliefs in shared myths
- persuading the receptive
- identify with your audience, clearly state your speaking objective, tell your audience exactly what you want them to do, ask listenders for an immediate show of support, use emotional appeals effectivley, make it wasy for your listeners to act
- Persuading the neutral audience
- capture your listeners attention early in your speech, refer to beliefs that many listeners share, relate your topic not only to your listeners but also to their families, friends, and lived ones, be realistic about what you can accomplish
- Persuading the unreceptive audience
- don't immediately announce that you plan to change their minds, begin your speech by noting areas of agreement before you discuss areas of disagreement, don't expect a major shift in attitude from a hostile audience, acknowledge the opposing pts of view that members of your audience may hold, establish your credibility, consider making understanding rather than advocacy your goal
- Strategies for organizing persuasive messages
- problem/solution, refutation, cause/effect, monroes motivated sequence
- Monroes motivated sequence
- attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action
- strategies you can see to attack arguments
- attack credibility, evidence as being low credible, NA, or based on fallacies, insufficient, outdated, biased, reasoning as being faulty or having a fallicy, use counter arguments
- How to organize your response to your opponents main points
- re-state their claim, explain your objection to it, offer evidence if you can support your position, explain your reasoning and/or counter argument
- Issues to be concerned with in a rebuttal speech
- listen carefully and use both comprehension and critical listening skills, take notes, organize your response to their main points, what can you use in your rebuttal
- Who is the father of rhetoric
- Aristotle
- 5 canons of rhetoric
- invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery
- Importance of public speaking
- makes you a better speaker, teach strategies of being a critical listener as well as having effective delivery, leads to empowerment
- 7 components of speech communitcation model
- source, message, channels, receiver, noise, feedback, context
- 3 characteristics of an audience centered speaker
- make decisions about the content and style of your speech before you speak, be sensitive to your audiences response during the speech so you can make proper adjustments, be sensitive to different cultures you might speak to
- Ethics
- beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right and wrong
- Plagarism
- presenting someone else's words or ideas as though they were your own
- How to avoid plagarism
- do your own work and acknowledge sources
- Ways to become a better listeners
- adapt to the speakers delivery, listen with your eyes as well as your ears, monitor your emotional reaction to a message, avoid jumping to conclustions, be a selfish listener, listen for major ideas