PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 3 TERMS
Terms
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- NATIVISTS
- EMPHASIZED GENES AND INBORN CHARECTERISTICS, OR NATURE
- EMPIRICISTS
- FOCUSED ON LEARNING AND EXPERIENCE, OR NURTURE
- EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
- A FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY EMPHASIZING EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS THAT MAY HELP EXPLAIN HUMAN COMMONALITIES IN COGNITION, DEVELOPMENT, EMOTION, SOCIAL PRACTICES, AND OTHER AREA OF BEHAVIOR
- BEHAVIORAL GENETICS
- AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD OF STUDY CONCERNED WITH THE GENETIC BASES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY
- GENES
- THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF HEREDITY: THEY ARE COMPOSED OF DNA AND SPECIFY THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
- CHROMOSOMES
- WITHIN EVERY CELL, ROD-SHAPED STRUCTURES THAT CARRY GENES
- DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)
- THE CHROMOSOMAL MOLECULETHAT TRANSFERS GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS BY WAY OF CODED INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
- GENOME
- THE FULL SET OF GENES IN EACH CELL OF AN ORGANISM (WITH THE EXCEPTION OF SPERM AND EGG CELLS)
- LINKAGE STUDIES
- STUDIES THAT LOOK FOR PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE OF GENETIC MARKERS IN LARGE FAMILIES IN WHICH A PARTICULAR CONDITION IS COMMON
- GENETIC MARKERS
- A SEGMENT OF DNA THAT VARIES AMONG INDIVIDUALS, HAS A KNOWN LOCATION ON A CHROMOSOME, AND CAN FUNCTION AS A GENETIC LANDMARK FOR A GENE INVOLVED IN A PHYSICAL OR MENTAL CONDITION
- EVOLUTION
- A CHANGE IN GENE FREQUENCIES WITHIN A POPULATION OVER MANY GENERATIONS: A MECHANISM BY WHICH GENETICALLY INFLUENCED CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION MAY CHANGE
- MUTATE
- DURING THE DIVISION OF THE CELLS THAT PRODUCE SPERM AND EGGS, IF AN ERROR OCCURS IN THE COPYING OF THE ORIGINAL DNA SEQUENCE, GENES CAN SPONTANEOUSLY CHANGE
- NATURAL SELECTION
- THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS WITH GENETICALLY INFLUENCED TRAITS THAT ARE ADAPTIVE IN A PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENT TEND TO SURVIVE AND TO REPRODUCE IN GREATER NUMBERS, THAN DO OTHER INDIVIDUALS: AS A RESULT, THEIR TRAITS BECOME MORE COMMON IN THE POPULATION
- CHARLES DARWIN
-
BRITISH NATURALIST
REALIZED THAT A SPECIES' CHARACTERISTICS MUST SOMEHOW BE TRANSMITTED BIOLOGICALLY FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT - MENTAL MODULES
- DEVELOPED AS A COLLECTION OF SPECIALIZED AND INDEPENDENT "MODULES" TO HANDLE SPECIFIC SURVIVAL PROBLEMS, SUCH AS THE NEED TO FIND FOOD OR FIND A MATE
- LANGUAGE
- A SYSTEM THAT COMBINES MEANINGLESS ELEMENTS SUCH AS SOUNDS OR GESTURES TO FORM STRUCTURED UTTERANCES THAT CONVEY MEANING
- SURFACE STRUCTURE
- THE WAY THE SENTENCE IS ACTUALLY SPOKEN OR SIGNED
- DEEP STRUCTURE
- HOW THE SENTENCE IS TO BE UNDERSTOOD
- SYNTAX
- RULES OF GRAMMAR
- LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE
- ACCORDING TO MANY PSYCHOLINGUISTS, AN INNATE MENTAL MODULE THAT ALLOQS YOUNG CHILDREN TO SEVELOP LANGUAGE IF THEY ARE EXPOSED TO AN ADEQUATE SAMPLING OF CONVERSATION
- UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
- BRAINS ARE SENSITIVE TO THE CORE FEATURES COMMOM TO ALL LANGUAGES
- PSYCHOLINGUISTS
- RESEARCHERS WHO STUDY THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LANGUAGE
- OVERREGULARIZATIONS
- REDUCE A PARENT'S SENTENCE TO THEIR OWN TWO WORDS AND MAKE MANY CHARMING ERRORS THAT AN ADULT WOULD NOT
- COMPUTER NEUTRAL NETWORKS
- MATHEMATICA MODELS OF THE BRAIN THAT :LEARN" BY ADJUSTING THE CONNECTIONS AMONG HYPOTHETICAL NEURONS IN RESPNSE TO INCOMING DATA
- CRITICAL PERIOD
- CHILDREN MAY LEARN WORDS AND BE ABLE TO USE SIMPLE SENTENCES, BUT THEY RARELY SPEAK NORMALLY OR CATCH UP GRAMMATICALLY
- SOCIOBIOLOGY
- AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD THAT EMPHASIZES EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATIONS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN ANIMALS, INCLUDING HUMAN BEINGS
- SOCIAL DARWINISM
- NOTION THAT THE WEALTHY AND SUCCESSFUL ARE MORE "REPRODUCTIVELY FIT" THAN OTHER PEOPLE
- HERITABILITY
- GIVES AN ESTIMATE OF THE PROPORTION OF THE TOTAL VARIANCE IN A TRAIT THAT IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN A GROUP
- IDENTICAL TWINS
-
MONOZYGOTIC
DEVELOP WHEN A FERTILIZED EGG DIVIDES INTO TWO PARTS THAT THEN DEVELOP AS TWO SEPERATE EMBRYOS - FRATERNAL TWINS
-
DIZYGOTIC
DEVELOP WHEN A WOMAN'S OVARIES RELEASE TWO EGGS INSTEAD OF ONE AND EACH EGG IS FERTILIZED BY A DIFFERENT SPERM - INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ)
- USUAL MEASURE OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONIND, OR SCORE
- EUGENICS
- AIMED TO "IMPROVE" THE SPECIES THROUGH FORCED STERILIZATION OF LOW-IQ PEOPLE