Inquisition Key Terms
Terms
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- Orthodoxy
- authorization or generally accepted theory; emphasizing a correct belief and ritualism
- Orthopraxis
- ⬢ Emphasis on conduct, both ethical and liturgical, as opposed to faith or grace
- Historiography
- History of the history
- Primary Source
- ⬢ Source that was created at the time being studied, usually one with direct personal knowledge of the events
- Secondary Source
- ⬢ Source that cites or comments or builds on primary sources
- Inquisitorio
- investigation
- Heresy
- • “choiceâ€, had to publicly, repeatedly, deliberately deny some aspect of Christian belief or practice
- Middle Ages
- ⬢ early 500-1100; high 1100-1300; late 1300-1500
- Trial by ordeal
- • Judicial practice by which guilt or innocence of accused is determined by subjecting them to painful task. If it was completed with minimal or without injury → innocent
- Trial by Combat/Judicial Combat
- ⬢ If accused was rich, would fight the other
- Pope
- ⬢ Head of the Catholic Church; decides to delegate responsibility to find heresy to special groups
- • Part of the Christian clergy generally entrusted with authority and oversight – didn’t actively pursue heretics
- Bishop
- Diocese
- ⬢ Administrative territorial unit administered by a bishop
- Dominican Friars
- ⬢ One of the groups the pope assigned to pursue heretics; were mobile and had reputation for holiness
- • Early inquisitor; “trying to bring something bad out of something badâ€
- Bernard Gui
- Penance
- ⬢ Self inflicted/accepted to help repent for the sin
- Manichaeism
- ⬢ Originated in 3rd century; believed human beings were used as battle ground for good and evil; body (evil) and soul (good); believed in dualism
- Dualism
- ⬢ There was a god of good and a god of evil
- Laity
- ⬢ No clergical people
- clergy
- ⬢ Formal religious leadership within a religion
- viva apostolica
- ⬢ Living poorly to lead a holy life and get salvation
- The group Beatrice was involved; everything physical was Satain’s domain; believed in reincarnation; dualism
- Cathars/Albigensians
- Consolamentum
- ⬢ after 1 year of probabtion got Consolamentum; baptism without water, had to leave a life of self deial and minimal sin
- Perfect/Good Christians/Good Men & Women
- ⬢ People who would be admitted to heaven; women were especially attracted to bc it was the highest authority among Cathars
- Credentes/Believers
- ⬢ The ordinary followers of the Cathars
- ⬢ Lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals
- Asceticism
- Waldesians
- • Encouraged his followers to be poor; things the church did that didn’t have roots in the bible were false
- Jacques Fournier
- ⬢ Defeats the Cathars; sets up tribunal in Pamiers in which he does 578 trials; rarely used torture; really good inquisitor
- The Hundred Years’ War
- ⬢ War between England and France; both claimed to be the rightful ruler of France
- ⬢ Jews who settled in Germany, not as big a population
- Ashkenaz
- Sepharad
- ⬢ Jews in Spain and Portugal
- St. Augustine of Hippo
- ⬢ Prolific writer, set tone for dealing with Jews; wrote Doctrine of Jewish Witness
- Doctrine of Jewish Witness
- ⬢ Jews were to be tolerated and preserved in Chrstendom; Might serve as a pedagogical function
- Deicide
- ⬢ The belief that Jews were responsible for the death of Jesus
- ⬢ Claim that the blood of young Christian children was used in rites and rituals
- blood libel
- Host Desecration
- ⬢ Mistreatment of malicious use of a consecrated Host
- ⬢ Charging of interest of loans
- Usury
- To judaize
- ⬢ After converting, following or mingling with jews
- • The way that “baptized†Jews can return to Judaism
- Rite of re-Judaization
- ⬢ Converting out of a religion
- Apostasy
- ⬢ Disrespectful use of the name of God
- Blasphemy
- ⬢ Riots broke out in Iberian Peninsula against Jews; largest conversion <200,000
- Massacres of 1391
- ⬢ Rabbi who converted to Christianity; sincere Christian, raised up in the ranks to become Lord Chancellor
- Pablo de Santa Maria
- ⬢ Dominican preacher zealous to convert others; wanted legislation to make J. laws worse
- Vincent Ferrer
- ⬢ Arranged by Ferrer and Ferdinand I; dozens of rabbis come to debate with Catholic Clergy about religion; 14 rabbis convert
- Tortosa Disputation
- • Wrote “Be Not Like My Fathersâ€; considers Christianity irrational
- Profiat Duran
- ⬢ Riots break out in Toledo against conversos
- Toledo Massacres of 1449
- ⬢ Proof that one had no Jewish or Converso ancestry
- Statutes of Purity of Blood
- ⬢ Pig; no longer associated with Judaism
- Marranos
- • The Catholic rulers; united Spain’s two kingdoms and were eager to convert the Jews
- Ferdinand and Isabella
- Pope Sixtus IV
- ⬢ F + I asked Pope permission to establish Inquisition; he grants them permission the following year
- ⬢ 30 day period that Inquisitors offered that allowed people to confess and accuse judaizing
- Edict of Grace
- ⬢ An establishment that kept a strict eye on tribunals; composed of hand picked theologians and lawyers; helped the general inquisitor
- Suprema/Supreme Council
- ⬢ Lead official of the Inquisition
- Inquisitor General
- ⬢ One of the most famous Inquisitor Generals; was responsible for the Trial of the Holy Child of La Guardia
- Tomas de Torquemada
- ⬢ A garment heretics were forced to wear during an auto de fethat was characterized with either yellow or red crosses
- Sanbenito
- ⬢ Burned at the stake
- Relaxation to the Secular Arm
- ⬢ Public penance for condemned heretics: involved Mass, prayer, a public procession of those found guilty and a reading of their sentences.
- Auto-de-fe
- • A trial based on fabricated accusations on Jews and converses: desecrating a host, crucifying a Christian child whose heart they ripped our, then uttered incantations; brutal – jews and converses were tortured until they died or confessed • After
- Trial of the Holy Child of La Guardia
- ⬢ Area of southeastern Spain that was initially governed by the Muslims until F+I succeeded in gaining control
- Granada
- ⬢ King John separated 20,000 children from their parents and sent them to this island in the hopes that the parents will convert
- St. Thomas (island)
- ⬢ King Manuel was pressured by his wife to start the Inquisition
- Portuguese Inquisition
- ⬢ Becomes obsessed with David Reuveni and becomes a wandering preacher. Was condemned to die at the stake
- Shlomo Molkho
- ⬢ Jews living in Portugal; since they all converted at once they had solidarity
- “The Nationâ€
- ⬢ Where most Jews fled when during Portuguese Inquisition; Dutch were tolerant and Jews were successful
- Amsterdam
- ⬢ Became disenchanted with Judaism when he arrives in Amsterdam; excommunicated for rejecting organized religion
- Uriel da Costa
- ⬢ Rationalist, laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment; rejects Judaism and also gets excommunicated
- Baruch Spinoza
- community responses to a rabbi, then a rabbi's responses to the community
- Responsum/Responsa
- a bound Jewess
- Agunah
- convert into a religion
- Proselyte
- practice requiring a woman to marry her brother-in-law after her husband dies
- Levirate marriage
- persons unwilling to convert from Judaism to another relgion
- anuism