PS2 IDs: 2nd
Terms
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- - Nomothetic vs. idiographic explanations
- o N: takes all examples from a general area, broad universal laws; I: focuses on one case, says people are unpredictable, says broad laws don’t exist o Democracy: nomothetic would make general statements about democracy across all democratic countries, while idiographic would say that generalizations couldn’t be made because the countries are all too different.
- - Independent vs. Dependent Variable
- o DV: what you’re trying to explain; IV: what may affect the DV o DV: the Philippines is a Republic; IV: the Philippines was formerly occupied by the US, before gaining their independence.
- - Regime
- o Procedures that determine the distribution of power. o In the regime of a complete monarchy, the king/queen holds all of the power and can do with it what they wish.
- - Government
- o The people who occupy state roles o In the Netherlands, members of the States-General and the Senate all help to make up the government.
- - State autonomy vs. state capacity
- o A: ability to function without public interference; C: state’s ability to wield power and fulfill basic tasks o Ancient Rome might have had capacity, but they were not at all autonomous, since they were a complete democracy and needed the input of the people for everything.
- - Sovereignty
- o Ability to carry out actions/policies independent of external actors or internal rivals o Taiwan’s sovereignty is questionable because of their lack of complete independence from China.
- - Miguel Centeno
- o Says that regionalism, timing, and international context create states (not war), as in Latin America; exactly contrary to Tilly’s. Limited war leaves no institutional strength. o States in Latin America didn’t really have national identities (regionalism), were created mostly at the same time (timing), and borrowed money from Europeans, putting them in debt.
- - Jeffery Herbst
- o It isn’t completely the European’s fault that there is so much warring in Africa, poor/conflicting conditions existed there before the Europeans got there that made state building difficult o The boundaries of African states were created by Europeans who didn’t understand the presiding society, so they had no idea what problems those boundaries would cause.
- - Ethnic conflict
- o A confrontation between ethnic groups when one group tries to achieve political or eco goals at another group’s expense o In Rwanda, the ethnic conflict between the Tutsi and the Hutu broke out in mass fighting and attempts at genocide on both sides.
- - Primordialist perspective on ethnic identity
- o You are born into your ethnic identity. o This is especially relevant if your ethnic identity is also a part of your race, so that if you are Korean in race, than you are usually raised Korean in ethnicity.
- - Instrumentalist perspective on ethnic identity
- o Ethnic identity is a tool that is used to achieve political goals o Some might say that Barack Obama played up his African-American ethnicity in order to draw more votes from the African-American constituency.
- - Constructivist perspective on ethnic identity
- o Ethnic identity is socially constructed, like all of your other identities o You have to grow into your ethnic identity, learning from those who are also a part of is as you go along.
- - PR electoral system
- o Proportional representation; people vote for a party, and the party chooses representatives based on how many seats they win. o Finland and Sweden both use proportional representation to choose their representatives.
- - Pluralist electoral system
- o The people vote for a single representative (SMD) o The United States has a pluralist system, seeing as the people can vote directly for their president, or other representatives.
- - Centralism vs. Federalism
- o Centralism: all power is centralized, none to territories; federalist: power is centralized, but territories have some power as well o The USA, a federalist government, was created under an anti-centralist premise.
- - Structure vs. Agency
- o Structuralists say that society is basically unchangeable, while agency supporters think that political leaders have influence in determining political outcomes o Structuralism is proven by the repetitive actions of men, while agency can be seen through things like a president convincing a nation that it would be in their best interests to go to war.
- - “Weak†state
- o One that is unable to execute basic tasks (defense, making/enforcing laws, taxing) o A weak state might be one that does not have a monopoly over violence, perhaps if a gang or drug cartel is the one who does.
- - State
- o Organization with monopoly of control over a certain territory; 5 common elements of states:  Control over a territory with sovereignty  Monopoly on the legitimate use of violence in their borders  Govern economic activity: protect property rights, regulate foreign trade, issue money  Have bureaucracies with resources and varying goals  Have external recognition o Sweden has a monopoly of control over its territory, and so it is a state.