Western Humanities
Terms
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- marcus aurelias
- last of "five good emperors"; important Stoic philosopher
- stained glass
- huge windows illustrate stroes from the Bible
- excommunication
- officially exclude someone from participation in the sacraments & services of the Christian Church
- nero
- youngest loser; art fanatic; very disliked, thought of as the antichrist; blamed Christians as the scapegoat of rome's burning down; gave out high taxes, which caused giant revolts in Palestine and Britain; food shortage and civil war outbreaks under his rule
- christianity
- began to spread quickly after the death of CHrist, Constantine accepted and started (blank) in the Roman Empire; ir appealed to all social classes and promised an afterlife and a loving god
- colosseum
- an ampitheater, stadium, large theater, or other special building for public meetings, sporting events, exhibitions, etc. seated fifty thousand
- seven sacraments
- seven things church thought would lead them to life in heaven
- critian boy
- more relaxed than kouros; athletic; artist understands different body parts; smiling
- arete
- being the best you can be
- aristocracy
- government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families
- twelve tables
- a list of rules that was the basis of the Roman legal system
- roads
- they allowed easy military transport, enabled trade and commerce, and helped unify expanding Roman territory
- monytheism
- religion with only one worshipped God; christianity
- indulgence
- the full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven
- printing press
- aroused from need of tets; changed education, business methods, law, science, and standardized language, created international intellectual thinking community
- polytheism
- belief in multiple deities such as gods and godesses
- mosaic
- a picture or decorative design made by setting small colored pieces, as of stone or tile, into a surface
- odyssey
- one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer
- lords
- landowner who gave land to fiefs
- kouros
- youth, showed prime of man's life, with stiff posture, naked=body was celebrated
- sparta
- military oligarchy, dependent on serfs to produce food, organized to support military, military training for menl athletic training for women, families kept apart, little leisure time
- dignitas
- self motivation and selb obligation
- pope urban II
- reigned from 1088 to 1099; continued the struggle between the papacy and the Holy ROman Empire over the appointment of bishops, participated in the Gregorian reforms of the medieval Catholic Church, and most importantly initiated the First Crusade against Muslims
- kleos
- glory; war shows the oppurtunity for combining arete and (blank
- protestant baroque
- mostly in northern europe, portraits, groups, genre paintings, protestant churches did not approve of spending money on material things like art so artists had to find new patrons- MIDDLE CLASS people with money to spend on art for their home or guild halls
- pax romana
- "roman peace"; for 207 years during the Roman Empire; time during the peak of the Roman Empire when the economy flourished
- damnation
- condemnation to eternal punishment in hell
- crusades
- a series of armed conflicts in the near east; started in 1096 AD and continued on and off for several hundred years; the christians from western europe shad set off to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims who had conquered it in the seventh century AD
- aidos
- the sense of duty
- diocletian
- installed government reforms; insured the continuation of the empire in the east for 100 years; formed first tetrarcy; created an army strategy with 2 seperate kinds of troops-frontiersmen and a high mobile central army
- deferred reciprocity
- if something unfortunate happens to a person, and they need provisions but cant give something in return, it is the promise to help the person giving the provisions at a later time
- flying buttresses
- transferred weight to thick, exterior walls
- commercial revolution
- expansion of trade and business between 1000 and 1300
- consuls
- monarchy part of republic; two officials, like kings, that command the army and direct the government; only ruled for a year and the counsels could veto each other's descisions
- black death
- killed up to a third of the European population; spread through Europe and killed approximately 25 million people by 1350; caused trade to decline; church was blamed and lost power; jews were also blamed because they were not affected because they bathed
- etruscans
- native or inhabitant of ancient Etruria; the Etruscans influenced the Romans
- fief
- recieved land for military protection & other services
- pilgrimage
- a long journey with the purpose of seeing relics
- octavian
- first emperor of rome, caesar's adopted son; fair ruler; held concern for lower class citizens and supported the Plebeians; raised the status of women' under his rule, literature and art flourished, and wealth flooded into Rome; reorganized military; formed a police force and fire crew for Rome and installed major administration and tax reforms; the people loved him
- carthaginians
- a native or inhabitant of ancient Carthage
- zeus with thunderbolt
- shows potential for power; athletic; realistic
- pope gregory vii
- banned lay investiture; excommunicated Henry IV because the emperor ordered Gregory to step down from the papacy;
- socratic method
- form of "philisophical inquiry"; Socrates' dialect where he answers a question with another question, helping the thinker to explore the corners of his mind. To have a conversation about ideas and others would elaborate on given ideas to reach higher meanings of topics
- reciprocity
- mutual exchange between two people
- decentralization
- move departments of a large organization away from a single administrative center to other locations, usually granting them some degree of autonomy
- julius caesar
- miltary and political leader; played critical role in the transformation of the Republic to Empire
- dictator
- a leader who has absolute power to make laws and command army; appointed in times of crisis, power lasts for 6 months, chosen by counsels and elected by senate
- aristotle
- plato's most famous student; believed that knowledge came from experience; was a philosopher as well as teacher of Alexander the Great; polymath
- feudalism
- depended on the control of land
- roman law
- "innocent until proven guilty"
- decentralization
- how did geography affect Greek political structure?
- centralization
- concentrate (control of an activity or organization) under a single authority
- self-sufficiency
- serfs & peansants produced almost everything their lord needed for daily life: crops, milk, cheese, fuel, cloth, leather goods & lumber
- direct democracy
- form of government in which "citizens rule directly and not through representatives"
- renaissance
- rebirth of classical culture
- ergon
- good hard work
- john clavin
- thought people's afterlife was predestined and the "elect" are chosen in advance by GOd
- pietas
- duty towards the gods, man, and the fatherland
- constantine
- helped move the capital from east to west; first emperor to accept Christianity
- three field system
- villagers began to organize their lands into three fields instead of two; this allowed farmers to grow 2/3 of their crops instead of half which caused food production to increase, ultimately causing the population to grow dramatically
- punic wars
- a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC
- holy land
- the city of Jerusalem and surrounding areas
- polytheism
- a religion with many worshipped Gods; this was used in Greek civilizatoin
- kore
- female version of Kouros; serene; not walking forward; behing the man
- serfs
- people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born-the labor they produced belonged to their lord
- niccolo machiavelli
- began science of politics
- salvation
- the act of saving or protecting from harm, risk, loss, destruction, etc
- relics
- possession that would help you get to heaen
- concrete
- very unique and long-lasting in that it had very little water content and close compaction
- manor
- the lord's estate
- plato
- student of Socrates; recorded all of his dialogues; because of him that we have any knowledge of Socrates today; believed that man is born with knowledge; philosopher and mathematician; founder of the Academy in Athens
- catholic baroque
- mostly in southern europe, religious scenes of Jesus, Mary, and various saints, meant to "fire up" religious feelings of Catholics
- gravitas
- dignity, seriousness, or solemnity in matter
- democracy
- rule by the people; to strengthen (blank) Pericles increased the number of officials who were paid salaries, contradicting to earlier when most positions in Athens were unpaid
- muslims
- the people living in the holy land before the Crusades began
- xenia
- hospitality
- athens
- democracy, center of commerce, flourishing arts, literature, and philosophy, education for men and some women, strong family life, leisure time
- western roman empires
- becomes weaker and eventually falls
- monarchy
- when a king ruled solely in a government
- homer
- a legendary ancient Greek epic poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey
- domes
- a vault, having a circular plan and usually in the form of a portion of a sphere, so constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all directions
- four key elements of greek art
- order, balance, symmetry, and proportion
- negative reciprocity
- unfair exchanges between two people
- flaggelants
- are practitioners of an extreme form of mortification of their own flesh by whipping it with various instruments; supposed cure to the black death
- aqueducts
- structures going slightly downhill across Roman land for transferring water throughout the land
- monks
- a member of a religious community typically living under vows of poverty, chastity and obedience
- tithe
- (tax) after payments to the lord were made, peasant familes owed the village priest a tithe- it was 1/10 of their income
- sacraments
- important religious ceremonies admistered by priests and other clergy
- city state
- fundamental political unit in ancient Greece; made up of a city and its surrounding countryside, which included numerous villages; controlled between 50 and 500 square miles of territory; often fewer then 10,000 residents
- eastern byzantine
- becomes stronger
- knights
- mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords land in exchange for fiefs
- sermon on the mount
- a collection of Jesus' sayings, characterizing his moral teachings; given on a mountainside
- vassals
- the person recieving a fief (wealthy landowners such as knobles & bishops)
- chiaroscuro
- (shading) light/dark shading techinique
- guilds
- organizations of individuals in the same business or occupation, working to improve social and economic conditions
- acting as a uniting force
- why was it important to the Greeks that they shared a similar set of ideals?
- feudal contract
- contract between a town and a lord; town pays tribute (usually in gold) and lord protects them against enemies
- pantheon
- a domed circular temple in Rome; oculus in the roof
- assemblies
- democratic branch of republic; there were (blank) for soldiers, plevians, and patricians
- portrait
- painting of a person
- monasteries
- a community of persons living under religious vows
- pericles
- a skillful politician, an inspiring speaker, and respected general; dominated life of Athens from 461-429; had three goals= to strengthen Athenian democracy, to hold and strengthen the empire, and to glorify Athens
- socrates
- a classical greek philosopher, one of the founders of Western philosophy, He disagreed with the sophists and believed that there was absolute truth and made people question their moral character
- feuday oath
- a feudal tenant's or vassal's sworn loyalry to a lord
- romanesque
- sculpture and woodcarvings in cathedral; very tall; ribbed vaults supported roof's weight
- erasmus
- father of Christian humanism
- gothic
- round arches, heavy roof, held up by thick walls and pillars, tiny windows
- senate
- aristocratic branch or republic; there were 300 members, and you were in the (blank) for life
- friars
- a member of any of certain religious orders of men especially four mendicant orders
- salvation
- deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed by christians to be brought about by faith in CHrist
- thomas more
- was an English lawyer, author, and statesman who in his lifetime gained a reputation as a leading humanist scholar, and occupied many public offices, including Lord Chancellor