3S Hannah Introduction
The definitions of several useful terms used to describe social situations, ideas and concepts.
Terms
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- evolution
- change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift.
- liberalism
- 1. the quality or state of being liberal, as in behavior or attitude.
- Industrial Revolution
- a major shift of technological, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions that occurred in the late 18th century and early 19th century in some Western countries. It began in Britain and spread throughout the world, a process that continues as industrialisation
- egalitarian
- asserting, resulting from, or characterized by belief in the equality of all people, esp. in political, economic, or social life.
- French Revolutionupheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic
- a period of political and social clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of republic, citizenship, and inalienable rights.
- Galileo
- an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution. His achievements include the first systematic studies of uniformly accelerated motion, improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism.
- bourgeousie
- the class that, in contrast to the proletariat or wage-earning class, is primarily concerned with property values.
- Adam Smith
- a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneering political economist. He is a major contributor to the modern perception of free market economics. One of the key figures of the intellectual movement known as the Scottish Enlightenment, he is known primarily as the author of two treatises: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776).
- Benjamin Franklin
- one of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a leading author, political theorist, politician, printer, scientist, inventor, civic activist, and diplomat. As a scientist he was a major figure in the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As a political writer and activist he, more than anyone, invented the idea of an American nation,[1] and as a diplomat during the American Revolution, he secured the French alliance that helped to make independence possible.
- agrarian
- relating to land, land tenure, or the division of landed property: agrarian laws.
- The Enlightenment
- The Enlightenment (French: Siècle des Lumières; German: Aufklärung) was an eighteenth century movement in European and American philosophy, or the longer period including the Age of Reason
- Cultural Revolution
- The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution [1] in the People's Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into wide-scale social, political, and economic chaos, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the entire country to the brink of civil war.
- liberal
- favorable to progress or reform, as in political or religious affairs.
- individualism
- a social theory advocating the liberty, rights, or independent action of the individual.
- capitalism
- an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
- nationalism
- the policy or doctrine of asserting the interests of one's own nation, viewed as separate from the interests of other nations or the common interests of all nations.
- Islam
- a monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th-century Arab religious and political figure.
- Protestant(ism)
- any Western Christian who is not an adherent of a Catholic, Anglican, or Eastern Church.
- globalization
- to extend to other or all parts of the globe; make worldwide: efforts to globalize the auto industry.
- Roman Catholicism
- the faith, practice, and system of government of the Roman Catholic Church.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- a Genevan philosopher of the Enlightenment whose political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. Rousseau also made important contributions to music both as a theorist and a composer.
- ideology
- the body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group.
- totalitarian
- absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralized institution.
- Juan Peron
- an Argentine general and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974.
- fascism
- a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.
- Karl Marx
- he is most famous for his analysis of history, summed up in the opening line of the Communist Manifesto (1848): "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles".
- American Revolution
- the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies that became the United States of America gained independence from the British Empire.
- Adolf Hitler
- the leader of National Socialist (Nazi) German Workers Party. He was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933, and "Führer" in 1934, remaining in power until his suicide in 1945.
- socialism
- a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
- fascism
- a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.
- political spectrum
- A political spectrum is a way of visualizing different political positions. It does this by placing them upon one or more geometric axes symbolising political dimensions that it models as being independent of one another.
- Winston Churchill
- a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. A noted statesman, orator and strategist.
- Mao Zedong
- a Chinese military and political leader, who led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, and was the leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.
- John Locke
- considered the first of the British Empiricists, but is equally important to social contract theory. His ideas had enormous influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and contributors to liberal theory. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. This influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.
- feminism
- the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.
- Ayatollah Khomeini
- a senior Shi`i Muslim cleric, Islamic philosopher and marja (religious authority), and the political leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran
- Fidel Castro
- is the current President of Cuba, though currently with his duties transferred. Led the revolution overthrowing Fulgencio Batista in 1959.
- anarchism
- a doctrine urging the abolition of government or governmental restraint as the indispensable condition for full social and political liberty.
- Free market
- an economic system in which prices and wages are determined by unrestricted competition between businesses, without government regulation or fear of monopolies.
- imperialism
- the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.
- democracy
- government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.
- Caliphate
- the Islamic form of government representing the political unity and leadership of the Muslim world.
- Simon Bolivar
- a leader of several independence movements throughout South America, collectively known as Bolívar's War.
- conservative
- disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones, and to limit change.