Colonial Latin America Biographies
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- Zumbi of Palmares:
- Zumbi of Palmares Palmares is an inversion of European society exclusivity Palmares was home to not only escaped black slaves, but also to mulattos, caboclos, Indians and poor whites, especially Portuguese soldiers trying to escape forced military service.[1] hese inhabitants developed a society and government that derived from a range of Central African socio-political models, a reflection of the diverse ethnic origins of its inhabitants. This government was confederate in nature, and was led by an elected chief who allocated landholdings, appointed officials (usually family members), and resided in a type of fortification called Macoco. Six Portuguese expeditions tried to conquer Palmares between 1680 and 1686, but failed. he overwhelming majority of slaves in the Portuguese colonies were male. This majority was also seen in the quilombos. For this reason Palmaristas were often sent on raiding missions in order to procure female citizens. The smaller female population, and perhaps Amerindian cultural mores, gave rise to a system of polyandry. These polygamous wives ran their household and designated tasks for their husbands. The central importance of females in the quilombos stands in stark contrast to the patriarchal society experienced in the coastal colonies by their Portuguese counterparts. It is also important to note that the desire amongst the citizens of the quilombos for women was such that race had no bearing in their selection - all women were candidates. This inspired a great deal of miscegenation, and contributed to the very diverse community and culture that the Palmares fostered
- Gertrudis de Escobar
- Gertrudis de Escobar -born free- mother mulatto- father-black -servent to nuns -commits blasphemy to god-publicly disgraced -priest sends her to sugar plantation -priest pays aunt -sold by inquisition -catholic church requires slaves free to choose own mates -pardoned by brother (priest) of priest who sold her into slavery -became violent and drunk at end of life-but free -embraces social hierarchy to her own advantage -threatens to kill herself – excepts slavery as a way of life Escobars utilization of the social institutions (the church and the inquisition) shows their success in using the primarily ineffective bureocratic institutions to their advantage. While normally these institutions would not help the powerless, occassionaly their mission to hold up certain norms of behavior in society and to gain repect from members of society compelled them to help the powerless.
- Juan de Morga
- Juan de Morga -slave -bought by Mestizo who he originally insults- would rather serve someone with more power -Mestizo torments him -sells soul to devil – prays to satin instead of God -master treats him kindly afterwards -pretends to experience visions from devil so that he will be handed over to inquistition -trials portray master as horrible man- refuse to hand over morga to master Both Morga and Escobars utilization of the social institutions (the church and the inquisition) shows their success in using the primarily ineffective bureocratic institutions to their advantage. While normally these institutions would not help the powerless, occassionaly their mission to hold up certain norms of behavior in society and to gain repect from members of society compelled them to help the powerless.
- Beatriz de Padilla
- accused of witchcraft by influential man Inquisition -sees her case daughter of mullata and white person 2 illigitimate sons/ 2 ill daughters prickly pear- claims that she tried to poison lover with her menstual blood -mullata attracts powerful/influential men sexually- assume that she has crafted love potions -given power over a white household- mistresses/ concubines not uncommon, but power is -eventually released by inquistion -easy social mobility/ more social power than white women
- Juan Santos Atahualpa
- was a leader of an indigenous rebellion in the Andean jungle provinces of Tarma and Jauja, near what was then Spanish Peru in the mid 18th century. What little that is known about Juan Santos is that he was from Cusco and had been given a Christian education by the Jesuits. Juan Santos himselft claimed to be descended from the Inca royal family. The name Atahualpa comes from the line of kings who ruled the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu) up until the Spanish Conquest of 1532.
- Sor Juana
- Intellectual, poet, nun...eventually burns all books after being forced to by clergy...argues that to understand the spiritual world, you must understand the natural world.
- Micaela Angela Carrillo
- Pulque dealer gives inheritance to illigitimate daughter
- "Catrina de Monte Sinay:
- Nun and Entrepreneur -money lender and businesswomen..ultimately questions whether she has sined after taking on an unconventional possibly heretical role...still more excepted than Sor juana
- Tupac Amaru II
- Afro-indigenous descent leads rebellion, which divides on racial lines. Spanish and creoles allign against mestizos. Spanish would rather maintain their own hierarchial position and by subjugated by peninsulares than fight for mestizo equalility. This scars the creoles, making them fearful of rebellion, and ultimately delays independece -undermines status quo but not enough to push creole
- Juan Santos
- Leads rebellion in Peru- mestizo-educated-Christian Parrelels to Guaman Poma