Midterm Jour1001
Terms
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- Analog Communication
- Uses continuously varying signals corresponding to the light or sounds originated by the source.
- Asynchronous Media
- Are not condumed simultaneously by all members of the audience.
- Blog
- Short for web log, is a personal home page with commentary addressed to the web audience.
- Channel
- Is an electronic or mechanical system that links the source to the receiver.
- Communication
- Is an exchange of meaning.
- Convergence
- Is the integration of mass media, computers, and telecommunications.
- Copywright
- Is the legal right to control intellectual property.
- Digital
- Means computer-readable, formatted in 1s and 0s.
- Digital Divide
- Is the gap in Internet usage between rich and poor, Anglos and minorities.
- Gatekeepers
- Decide what will appear in the media.
- Interactive Communication
- Uses feedback to modify a message as it is presented.
- Mass Communication
- Is one-to-many, with limited audience feedback.
- Mediated
- Is communication transmitted through an electronic or mechanical channel.
- Narrowcasting
- Targets media to specific segments of the audience.
- Offshoring
- Is the export of jobs to other countries.
-
Source-Message-Channel-Receiver
(SMCR) - Model of mass communication describes the exchange of information as the message passes from the source to the channel to the receiver, with feedback to the source.
- Telecommunications Act of 1996
- Deregulated radio ownership rules.
- Barriers to Entry
- Are obstacles companies must overcome to enter a market.
- Copyright Royalty Fee
- Is a payment for use of a creative work.
- Critical Studies
- Examine the overall impact of media.
- Diffusion
- Is the spread of innovations.
- Duopoly
- Exists when two companies dominate.
- Economics Studies
- The forces that allocate resources to satisfy competing needs.
- Economies of Scale
- Are when unit costs go down as production quantities increase.
- Electronic Markets Theory
- Explains that people use e-commerce to minimize their search and transaction costs.
- Functionalism
- Examines the social functions media fulfill.
- Hegemony
- Is an underlying consensus of ideology that serves the dominant groups in society.
- Law of Supply and Demand
- Describes the relationship among the supply of products, prices, and consumer demand.
- Marginal Cost
- Is te incremental costs of each additional copy.
- Media Literacy
- Means learning to think critically abou tht erole of media in society.
- Monopoly
- Exists when one company dominates a market.
- Oligopoly
- Is when a few firms dominate.
- Political Economy
- Analyzes patterns of class denomination and economic power.
- Profit
- What is left after operating costs, taxes, and paybacks to investors.
- Semiotic Analysis
- Describes how meaning is generated athrought the "signs" used in media "texts."
- Syndication
- Rental or licensing of media products.
- Technological Determinism
- Explains that the media cause changes in society and culture.
- Theories
- Are general principles that explain and predict behavior.
- Almanacs
- Are book-length collectoins of useful facts, calendars and advice.
- Backlist
- Books that are not actively promoted but are still in print.
- Censorship
- Is the prohibition of certain media contents by government, religious, or other societal authorities.
- Computer-to-plate Technology
- Transfers page images composed inside a computer directly to printing plates.
- Conglomerates
- Are made up of dieverse parts from across several media industries.
- Desktop Publishing
- Is editing, laying out, and inserting photos on a desktop computer.
- Dime Novels
- Were inexpensive paperback novels of the 19th century.
- Genres
- Are types of formats of media content.
- Intellectual Property
- Is creative work.
- Literacy
- The ability to read and understand a variety of information.
- Miscellanies
- Were magazines with a wide variety of contents.
- Muckraking
- Is journalism that "rakes up the muck" of corruption and scandal.
- Newsmagazines
- Is a weekly magazine focused on news and analysis.
- Novel
- Is extended fictional works usually of book length.
- Print-on-demand Technology
- Prints books only when they are ordered by customers.
- Subscription Libraries
- Lent books to the public for a fee.
- Corantos
- Were irregular news sheets that appeared around 1600.
- Diurnos
- Were 17th-century ancestors of the daily newspaper.
- Gatekeeping
- Is deciding what will appear in the media.
- Joint Operation Agreements
- Allow competing newspapers to share resources while aintaining editorial independence.
- Libel
- Is a harmful and untruthful critism that damages someone.
- Local Market Monopoly
- Is domination of one or more local markets by a firm.
- Marketplace of Ideas
- Is the concept that the best ideas will win out in competition.
- New Journalism
- Was the investigative reporting of the 19th century.
- Penny Press
- Were daily newspapers that sold for one cent.
- Plagiarism
- Is using the ideas of others without citation.
- Seditious Speech
- Undermines the government.
- Social Responsibility Model
- Calls on journalists to monitor the ethics of their own writing.
- Tabloids
- Are newspapers focused on popular, sensational events.
- Wire Services
- Supply news to multiple publications; they were named originally for their use of telegraph wires.
- Yellow Journalism
- Was the sensationalistic reporting of the the 19th century.
- Affiliate
- Contracts with networks to distribute their prgramming.
- Amplitude Modulation
- Carries information in the height, or amplitude, of the radio wave.
- Chain-broadcasting
- Is synonymous with a broadcasting network.
- Common Carriers
- Must carry any signal and cannot own the content.
- Concentration of Ownership
- Occurs when media are owned by a small number of corporations.
- Copyright
- Is a legal privilege to use, sell, or license creative works.
- Cross-ownership
- Is ownership of different kinds of media.
- Format Clock
- An hourly radio programming schedule.
- Frequency
- The number of cycles that radio waves complete in a second.
- Frequency Modulation
- Carries information in variations in the frequency of the radio wave.
- Geosynchronous Satellite
- A satellite whose rotation matches that of the earth so it stays in a fixed position relative to the earth's surface.
- Group Owner
- Owns a number of broadcast stations.
- Hertz
- A measurement of the frequency of a radio wave in cycles/second.
- Indecent Speech
- Graphic language that pertains to sexual or excretory functions.
- Licenses
- Grant legal permission to operate a radio transmitter.
- Lower-power Station
- Has more limited transmission power and cover smaller areas than regular FM stations.
- O&O
- Is a station owned and operated by a network.
- Obscene Speech
- Depicts sexual conduct in a way that appeals to secual interests in a manner that is "patently offensive" to community standards, and lacks serious artistic, political, or scientific value.
- Patents
- Give an inventor the exclusive rights to an innovation.
- Playlist
- Contains the songs picked for air play.
- Public Broadcaster
- Aims to serve public interests with information, culture, and news.
- Radio Act of 1912
- First licensed radio transmitters.
- Radio Act of 1927
- Created a Federal Radio Commission.
- Radio Waves
- Are composed of electromagnetic energy and rise and fall in regular cycles.
- Rating
- Measures how many people are listening to a station.
- Top 40
- A radio format that replays the top 40 songs heavily.
- Vacuum Tubes
- Amplify and modulate signals by controlling the flow of electrical charges inside a glass tube.
- Webcast
- A broadcast on the World Wide Web.
- B-movie
- A cheaply and quickly made genre film.
- Compositing
- Is merging several layers of imagees that were shot seperately.
- Concentration of Power
- Integration of many aspects of media into one compay creates concerns about political control and loss of diversity.
- Digital Video
- Recorded, edited, and often transmitted in digital form as used by computers.
- Feature Film
- A longer story film, usually over 1.5 hours.
- Film Noir
- Were "dark" moody American films of the 1940s often focused on detectives or similar themes.
- Fin-Syn
- Financial interest in Syndication; rules that kept TV networks from producing or owning entertainment programming.
- First-run Distribution
- For films is to movie theaters.
- Front Projection
- Lets actors be photographed in front of an image so that they appear part of it.
- Gross
- Is the total box office revenue before expenses are deducted.
- Independent Film
- Made by a wide variety of people outside the control of the major studios.
- Mattes
- Background paintings or photographs that are combined with performers in the foreground.
- Motion Picture Code of 1930
- A self-regulation of sez on screen by the motion picture industry.
- MPAA
- Is a trade organization that represents the major film studios.
- MPAA Ratings
- A movie rating system instituted in 1968.
- Nonlinear Editing
- Uses digital equipment to rearrange scenes to make the master copy.
- Postproduction
- Includes editing, sounds effects, and visual effects that are added after shooting the original footage.
- Rear Projection
- Effects have images projected behind performers who are in the foreground.
- Star System
- Was the film studios' use of stars' popularity to promote their movies.
- Studio System
- In Hollywood: to put all aspects of a film together in one production and distribution company.
- Talkies
- Motion pictures with synchronized sound for dialogue.
- Theatrical Film
- Released for distribution in movie theaters.
- Vertical Integration
- When companies with the same owner handle different aspects of a business, such as film production and distribution.
- Windows
- Separate film release times for different channels or media.
- Affiliate Fees
- Monthly per-subscriber fees that cable programming services charge local cable operators for their programs.
- Cable Television
- Transmits television programs via coaxial cable or fiber.
- Coaxial Cable
- High-capacity wire used for cable television transmission.
- Community Access
- Means created by community residents without the in volvement of the cable operator.
- Cost per Thousand
- How much a commercial costs in relation to the number of viewers that see it, in thousands.
- Direct Broadcast Satellite
- Transmit programs via satellite directly to home antennas.
- Distant Signals
- Cable channels imported from major television markets.
- High-definition Television
- Digital television that provides a wider and clearer picture.
- Horizontal Integration
- Concentrating ownership by acquiring companies that are all in the same business.
- Local Origination
- Created within the community by the cable operator.
- Microwave
- Transmits information between relay towers on beams of high-frequency radio waves.
- Multiple System Operator
- A cable company that operates systems in two or more communities.
- Must Carry
- Policy that requires cable companies to carry local broadcast signals.
- Owned-and-Operated Station
- Station owned and operated by networks.
- Pay TV
- Charges cable customers an extra monthly fee to receive a specific channel.
- Pay-per-view
- Charges viewers for each showing of a program.
- Ratings
- Measure the proportion of television households that watch a specific show.
- Scanning
- Making TV pictures out of a series of seperate picture lines.
- Superstation
- A distant signal that is distributed nationally via satellite.
- Television Receive-only
- Was a backyard satelllite system that let individual homes receive the same channels intended for cable systems.
- UHF
- Ultra-high frequency; channels 14-49.
- Underwriting
- Corporate financial support of public television programs in return for a mention of the donor on the air.
- VHF
- Very high frequency television band; channels 2-13.