us hist ch. 17
Terms
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- "railroad time"
- Railroad companies urged the government to make standard time zones to end the confusion of time being slightly different from time to time represent railroad companies' enormous power 1803
- "Robber barons"
- millionaires who made their money unrighteously
- "scabs"
- replacement workers of striking workers (name used by unions)
- American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- founded by Samuel Gompers 1866 coalition of craft unions tried to organize skilled workers in a particlar field encouraged stricks and largely successful
- American Railway Union
- founded by Eugene V. Debs
- Andrew Carnegie
- scottish immigrant, rose from poor to rich invested money in steel mills and thus lowered production costs gained control of steel production, creating a vertically integrated company known for his philanthropy: donated his entire fortune to publ
- anthracite coal
- the most important fuel of the second industrial revolution used to generate steam
- Credit Mobilier Scandal 1867
- stockholders in the Union Pacific railroad set up a construction company to lay track at inflated costs stockholders get the windfall profits for themsevles. they also offered stock to congressmen to keep them quiet
- Edwin L. Drake
- 1859 successfully used steam power to drill for oil in Titusville, Pennsylvania made it practical to access large amounts of oil from beneath the earth's surface
- general strike
- cessation of work by the majority of workers in every industry
- Great Railroad Strike 1877
- workers on strike in West Virgina to protest a wage cut the closest US ever came to a general strike
- Haymarket Riot 1886
- first: peaceful demonstration for the 8 hour day then: someone throws a bomb, police fires into crowd turned many people away from the labor movement & crippled the Knights of Labor
- Homestead Strike 1892
- against the Carnegie Steel Company daylong gun battle leaves 10 dead defeat for Crrnegie's workers
- horizontal monopoly
- involves several companies in the same business combining, effectively controlling an industry
- Ida Tarbell
- muckraker, 1904 book 'The History of the Standard Oil Company': revealed Rockefeller's shady practices
- In general, local, state, and federal goernments used their power to side with:
- the owners of companies
- Indsturial Workes of the World (IWW)
- "One Big Union" combined socialist and anarchist ideas but failed to attract a mass following radical labor union leader: Big Bill Haywood
- injunction
- a court order stopping a specific act, often used against unions to end a strike
- Jay Gould
- most ruthless business owner of this era gained reuptation through bribery, threats, and conspiracy against competitors
- John D. Rockefeller
- achieved a monopoly in the oil-refining business through horizontal integration his company: Standard Ooil
- Knights of Labor
- important early indsturial union open to men and women of all races and skill levels supported arbitration (cases, courts, etc) than striking leader: Powderly
- mass production techniques
- factories became more mechanized: machines, not workers, began to make products
- muckraker
- journalistis who try to solve social ills through publicity
- oil
- became important in post-civil war period
- Perhaps the most important technological development of the 19th century was the ______.
- railroad
- Pullman Strike 1894
- Pullman announced a wage cut, workers angry Debs organize a nationwide strike of workers who handled Pullman cars President Cleveland sent in troops to break up the strike
- Second Industrial revolution
- when US went from being a primarily rural nation after the Civil War to the world's leading industrial power
- Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890
- any attempt to interfere with free interstate trade by forming trusts was illegal
- socialism
- political ideology that supported the eventual end of the private enterprise system and the advent of a worker-run society
- steel
- became cheaper and more availabe as a result of the Beseemer process (1850s) more flexible and stronger than iron
- trust
- formed when competing companies create a single board of trustees which would voersee operations of the various companies
- vertical integration
- when a company gained control of the various aspects of an indsturial process
- Yellow-dog contracts
- employees agree not to join unions